美语发音_2 pronunciation - advanced stress.pdf

American English Pronunciation Advanced Stress Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Two-syllable Nouns and Verbs • Special case of the first two stress placement rules • Certain two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable when they are nouns and on the last (the root) when they are verbs. Practice Nouns • ‘record • ‘conduct • ‘addict • ‘protest • ‘progress • ‘permit • ‘increase • ‘conflict Verbs • re’cord • con’duct • ad’dict • pro’test • pro’gress • per’mit • in’crease • con’flict Practice Nouns • ‘desert • ‘contract • ‘object • ‘subject • ‘convict • ‘defect • ‘insult • ‘present Verbs • de’sert • con’tract • ob’ject • sub’ject • con’vict • de’fect • in’sult • pre’sent Practice Nouns • ‘produce • ‘rebel • ‘project • ‘suspect • ‘import • ‘export Verbs • pro’duce • re’bel • pro’ject • sus’pect • im’port • ex’port Practice • The band recorded a new record yesterday. • He presented his wife with a beautiful present. • They’re conducting an investigation into his conduct. • The criminal suspect was suspected of robbing three banks. • The farm produces produce. • The desert is so dry that it is usually deserted. • He got his driving permit which permits him to practice driving. • You’re progressing in English; your progress shows. Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Two-syllable Nouns and Verbs • Related forms • When nouns are used like adjectives (before other nouns), they retain stress on the first syllable. – Contract negotiations were completed last night. – There was a record amount of rainfall this spring. Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Two-syllable Nouns and Verbs • Related forms • When other endings are added, such as or , the stress tends to be the same as the most closely related word. – A conductor is a person who conducts an orchestra. Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Two-syllable Nouns and Verbs • Exceptions: Stress is on the first syllable for both the noun and verb form of accent, comfort, purchase, promise and rescue. • Stress is on the second syllable for both the noun and verb form of control, surprise, and many words beginning with the prefixes , such as delay, demand, desire, dispute, report, result, and review. Either syllable can be stressed in research and detail. Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives Ending in • Words ending in that are three or more syllables long are stressed on the third syllable from the end. • In adjectives and nouns, the ending is reduced to /It/, but in verbs, the ending is pronounced as /eIt/. Practice Noun or Adjective /It/ • graduate • separate • estimate • duplicate • approximate • alternate • appropriate • elaborate • deliberate Verbs /eIt/ • graduate • separate • estimate • duplicate • approximate • alternate • appropriate • elaborate • deliberate Practice Noun or Adjective /It/ • accurate • consulate • delicate • fortunate • considerate • — • — • — • — • — Verbs /eIt/ • — • — • — • — • — • appreciate • assassinate • demonstrate • exaggerate • refrigerate Stress and Vowel Reduction in Noun-Verb Word Pairs • Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives Ending in • Related forms • The vowel is also reduced in adverbs ending in , such as fortunately. • Be sure to keep the stress on the same syllable with suffixes that do not move stress, such as , , , and , are added. • This may result in the stress being on the fourth syllable from the end of the word. • Of course, when suffixes like and others are added, the stress shifts. Practice • It’s a refrigerator. It needs refrigeration. • Where’s the operator? When did she have an operation? • He congratulated her. He offered his congratulations. • He was assassinated. There was an assassination. Practice • What are they celebrating? What the celebration? • It’s approximately $50. It’s only an approximation. • He treated her considerately. He took it into consideration. Practice – Where’s the stress? • John Williams is conducting the concert tonight. • The man’s conduct was unacceptable. • The students rebelled over the increase in tuition. • The rebels objected to their treatment by the authorities. Practice – Where’s the stress? • The Sahara Desert is increasing in size. • The union hasn’t made any progress in getting a better contract. • They conducted a complete investigation of the project. Practice – Where’s the stress? • The police suspect that the convict is hiding in that deserted house. • He defected from the Democratic Party because of the conflict. • The criminal suspect protested that he wasn’t informed of his rights. Practice – Where’s the stress? • Several subjects in the study contracted pneumonia. • Because of the defects in construction, they didn’t receive a permit. • The addict was convicted of selling drugs to support his addiction. Practice ending • A: Are you a graduate student? B: Yes, and I hope to graduate next spring. • A: How much do they estimate it will cost ot fix your car? B。