英语词汇学知识点.docx

精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -名师整理 精华学问点English Lexicology: A CoursebookChapter 1 Lexicology and WordsKnowledge Points:1. Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.2. Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components.3. The major purpose of study in morphology is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.4. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morphemes may constitute words or parts of words.5. Semantics is defined as the study of meaning.6. Generally speaking, semantics focuses on:1) the meaning of words;2) the meaning of utterances in context;3) the meaning of sentences;4) meaning relations between sentences;5) meaning relations that are internal to the vocabulary of a language.7. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words.8. Word is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.9. The term word is also used to refer to an intermediate structure smaller than a whole phrase and yet generally larger than a single sound segment.10. Major features of Words1) A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.2) A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.3) The word is an uninterruptible unit.4) A word has to do with its social function.5) A word may consist of one or more morphemes.6) Words are part of the large communication system we call language.7) A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.11. In traditional grammar, eight parts of speech are distinguished in English: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.12. Words can also be classified into lexical words and grammatical words.13. Generally speaking, lexical words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.14. The lexical words can be used 〔functions〕:1) to represent our experience of the word;2) to refer to persons, places, things and concepts 〔e.g. the nouns Smith, London, pineapple, unity 〕;3) to describe qualities and properties 〔e.g. the adjectives excellent, kind, high 〕;4) to represent actions, processes or states 〔e.g. the verbsjump, bite, stay 〕;5) to describe circumstances like manner 〔e.g. the adverbs kindly, slowly, cheerfully〕.Furthermore, lexical words have their own content meanings and may be meaningful when used alone. E.g. book and house have their own content meanings.15. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and son on.16. Semantic or lexical field: A semantic field contains words that belong to defined area of meaning. Crystal 〔1995〕 defines a semantic field as a ‘named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelated and define each other in specific ways ’.Chapter 2 Some Basic Concepts and Word MeaningsKnowledge Points:1. Morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents, the smallest meaningful units of language.2. Features of morpheme:1) A morpheme may be a complete word. E.g. the, fierce, desk, eat, boot, at, fee, mosquito cannot be divided可编辑资料 -- -- -- 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 -- -- -- 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -名师整理 精华学问点up into smaller units that are meaningful themselves.2) A morpheme may also be a word form such as an affix. e.g. –able, in-, -hood .3) A morpheme may be a combining form. e.g. bio-, geo, pre- .3. Phonemes are the smallest working units of sound per se, and they build up into morphemes.4. Lexeme: Lexeme or lexical item is regarded as a unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants 〔e.g. sing as against sang, sung〕.5. Morph: Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph. It is a physical form representing some morphemes in a language.6. Allomorphs: Morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme are referred to as allomorphs ofthat morpheme.7. Morphemes can be classified into bound morphemes and free morphemes.8. Bound morphemes must be joined to other morphemes. e.g. the suffix –dom, is a bound morpheme.9. Free morphemes need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.e.g. cat, chair, farm, and bug are free morpheme.10. Morphemes may also be classified into derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.11. Denotation: Denotation of a lexeme is the relationship that holds between that lexeme and persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities external to the language system.12. Reference: The relationship of reference holds between an expressi。