中西文化比宇宙观.ppt

Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures环性与线性环性与线性 —— —— 中西文化比较中西文化比较(Part I) This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures This lecture is based on an article of mine Lines and Circles, West and East published successively in English Today (Cambridge University Press), Asian Studies (Oxford University Press), The Quest (An American philosophical journal) and Social Sciences (A Chinese journal).Lines and Circles:A Contrastive Study of Western and Chinese Cultures 该讲座以本人的一篇同名论文为基准。

这篇论文的英文版及中文版曾先后发表或转载于英国剑桥大学出版社的《今日英语》、英国牛津大学出版社的《亚洲研究》、美国哲学刊物《求索》及中国刊物《社会科学》环性与线性环性与线性 —— —— 中西文化比较中西文化比较左左 飚飚A Risky and Controversial Topic.这是一个容易引起争议的话题这是一个容易引起争议的话题Culture is a pervasive concept.文化是一个极为宽泛的概念文化是一个极为宽泛的概念Culture is a dynamic process.文化是一个动态的过程文化是一个动态的过程Cultural difference is relative.文化差异是相对的文化差异是相对的wWhat is culture? 文化的定义What is culture? nCulture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. — Edward Tylor (1871) (a British anthropologist) 文化是一个错综复杂的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、习俗以及作为社会成员的人所获得的其他一切能力和习惯。

— 爱德华•泰勒 (1871)英国人类学家nCulture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values. Culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning elements of future action. — Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (two American anthropologists, 1961）What is culture?n文化是由通过符号所获得并传播的显性及隐性行为模式所构成，这种行为模式形成人类群体的特征，包括它们在人工制品中的体现；文化的核心部分是传统的（源于历史并经历史选择的）观念，尤其是价值观。

文化系统，一方面可被视为人们行为的产品，另一方面又可被看作是规约未来行为的条件 —克洛依伯、克勒克荷恩美国人类学家文化的定义What is Culture?nCulture is the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate behavior. — J. P. Spradley (Psychologist) 文化是后天获得的知识，人们用这种知识来解释以往的经验，生成未来的行为 —斯普拉德莱（心理学家）What is Culture?nCulture refers to the total pattern of human learned behavior transmitted from generation to generation. — Salzmann (Sociologist) 文化是指人们学得的行为的总体模式，这种行为模式代代相传 — 萨尔斯曼（社会学家）What is culture?nCulture is the total range of activities and ideas of a group of people with shared traditions which are transmitted and reinforced by members of the group. — CED 文化是具有共同传统的群体的活动和观念的总和，这些传统为这一群体的成员加以传播并加强。

— 剑桥英语词典nCulture is the total pattern of human behavior and its products embodied in thought, speech, action and artifacts.nCulture is a complex of typical behavior or standardized social characteristics peculiar to a specific group.— WNID 文化是人类行为及其产品的总和，表现为思想、言论、行动及制成物品 文化是某一群体所特有的典型行为或规范化的社会特征的综合 —《韦氏新国际词典》Characteristics of Culture文化的特征Characteristics of CulturenNon-natural （非自然性）nNon-individual　 （非个人性）nNon-innate　　　（非先天性）nRegional and trans-regional　　　（地域性与超地域性）nEpochal and trans-epochal（时代性与超时代性）Essentials of CulturenExternal （外在文化 / 有形文化） *behavior – language, gestures, customs行为 — 语言、手势、习俗等 *products – literature, art, music, artifacts产品 — 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nInternal （内核文化 / 无形文化） *ideas – beliefs, values, morals观念 — 信仰、价值观、道德观等Essentials of Culture文化的要素文化的要素Essentials of CulturenDead （死文化 ） *products (achievements) – literature, art, music, artifacts, architecture 产品 — 文学、艺术、音乐、人工制品、建筑等nLiving （活文化 ） *ideas – beliefs, values, morals观念 — 信仰、价值观、道德观等 *behavior – language, gestures, customs行为 — 语言、手势、习俗等Layers of Culture文化的层次文化的层次产品/符号Products/SymbolsBehaviors 行为Values 价值观念Assumptions 对宇宙、人性的基本看法Layers of CultureCultures: Universality and Individuality　文化的共性与个性Commonality of human nature 人性趋同Penetrativeness and fusibility 渗透性及可融性Accumulation and tradition 积淀与传统Linearity and Circularity 线性与环性Contrast in respect of :nWorldview （宇宙观）nCore values （核心价值观）nOutlook on time （时间观）nModes of thinking （思维模式）nLinguistic expression （语言表达）nOutlook on Arts (艺术观) How is the world observed and viewed in both cultures?在中西两种文化中人们是怎样看待世界的？Man and Nature人 与 自 然1. Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合） Western: one dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) ) Chinese: two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )Opposites:Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。

 Western Linear division (线分线分)One dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) )Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希腊哲学家Thales泰勒斯（624 – 547 BC）Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540 – 480 BC）Plato柏拉图（427 – 347 BC）Linear dividing philosophyThales, the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯—古希腊第一位哲学家 Element Vs. Soul (元素与灵魂）Heracleitus, one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特—辩证法的奠基人 Material Vs. Spirit（物质与精神）Plato柏拉图nThe development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. -- Whitehead 西方哲学的发展是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。

—— 怀海德Plato柏拉图nPlato’s distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念世界的区分nPlato’s Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应Modern Philosophers西方近现代哲学家西方近现代哲学家Descartes笛卡尔(1596 – 1650)Kant康德(1724 – 1804)Russell罗素(1872 – 1970)Philosopher: Descartes （French)n Substance dualism （实体二元论）: matter vs. mind （物质与心灵） Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。

因此，灵魂与身体是截然区分的nKant （康德, German ） Phenomenal world vs. noumenal world（现象世界与本体世界）nRussell （罗素, British） Causal dualism（因果二元论）: physical causal laws vs. psychological causal laws （物理因果律与心理因果律）Christianity and BibleChristianity: God and Man God creates Man and Man sins against God.基督教：上帝创造人，人违抗上帝而犯罪God occupies a dominant position.Theme of Bible: Human redemption圣经主题：人的灵魂拯救West: linear divisionScientist: Archemedes （阿基米德, 287~212 BC ） Give me but one firm spot on which to stand, and I will move the earth. 只要给我一个稳固的立足点，我就能移动地球。

Chinese circular enclosure（环合）（环合）Two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )Tao consists in Yin and Yang. The Book of Changes (600 BC)《《易经易经》》：一阴一阳之谓道一阴一阳之谓道Chinese: circular enclosurePhilosophical Concept: Tao （道）（道） Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave birth successively to two things, three things, up to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures cannot turn their backs to the shade (Yin) without having the sun (Yang) on their bellies, and it is this blending of the breaths (Yin and Yang) that their harmony depends. Translated by Arthur Waley老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。

万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和《道德经》第42章Lao Tzu（571- 471 BC) 天地与我并生，而万物与我为一 Heaven and earth co-exist with me, and I am identified with everything in the universe.庄子（369 – 286 BC） Tao is ubiquitous, eternal and inexplicable. 道的普遍性、永恒性和深奥性天人合一天人感应 天地之气，合而为一，分为阴阳，判为四时，列为五行 The energy of heaven and earth are a unified one. It consists in Yin and Yang and manifests itself in four seasons and five elements. – Gardener Murphy 董仲舒179 – 104 BC 天亦有喜怒之气，哀乐之心以类合之，天人一也 Heaven also has feelings like delight and anger, joy and sorrow. Heaven and Man can be classified under the same category.Chinese Circularity：Idioms 天人感应Heaven and Man interact with each other. / Natural phenomena and human affairs find response in each other. 天理人情The law of nature and feeling of Man are in unison.Chinese Circularity：Idioms天从人愿Heaven accords with human wishes.天怒人怨Nature is angry while people resentful.天意人缘Heaven’s will brings about human affinity.天与人归Nature and Man turn to one.Chinese Circularity: LiteraturePoetic lines: 花迎喜气皆知笑，鸟识欢心亦解歌。

——王维Flowers smile on the happy occasion;Birds sing with the joyful congregation.Chinese Circularity: LiteraturePoetic lines: 高树多悲风，海水扬其波——曹植 Trees sway in a mournful gale;Waves surge like hill and dale.Poetic lines 山河破碎风抛絮，身世浮沉雨打萍　　　　　　　　——文天祥 Catkins scattered by wind, My motherland is being disintegrated;Rain striking duckweed, I sink against the tide, broken-hearted.Chinese: circular enclosurePhilosophy: Tao (Yin and Yang) Lao-tzu, Chuang-tzu, Dong ZhongshuIdioms 天人感应，天理人情，天从人愿，　天怒人怨，天意人缘，天与人归．．．Literature (Poetic lines)　王维、曹植、文天祥The Advantages of Each Worldview The one-dividing-into-two linear worldview contributes to the development of science and technology in exploring nature and to Man’s survival through his struggle against nature. The two-combining-into-one circular worldview facilitates the development of ethics in transforming society and benefits Man’s survival in seeking harmony with nature. 两种宇宙观各有优势 一分为二的线性宇宙观强调二元的并存与对立，有利于发展科技探索自然，在与天奋斗中求生存；合而为一的环性宇宙观注重二元的依存和统一，有利于发展伦理改革社会，在天人和谐中求生存。

1. Worldview 宇宙观宇宙观Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合）（线分环合） Western: one dividing into two ( (一分为二一分为二) ) Chinese: two combining into one ( (合二为一合二为一) )Opposites:Western: independence and opposition Chinese: interdependence and integration 西方文化呈线性，人与自然、凡与神均一分为二，界线分明，强调二元的并存与对立； 中国文化呈环性，人与自然、凡与神均合而为一，环抱涵容，注重二元的依存和统一。