我国土壤资源的现状及特点 (5).ppt

1.5 DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE 1.5 土壤学发展 Overview of soil science development1.5 Development of soil science The Chinese classic literature,Shangshu,Yugong,from the Warring States Period is the earliest academic work about soil,in which the word“soil”is explained as“Soil is where plants grow on the surface of land.”1.The aboveground part of plant2.Surface soil layer3.The underground part of plantInterpretation of the Interpretation of the character character soilsoil (the(the pronunciation pronunciation of soil is“of soil is“tu”in Chinesetu”in Chinese)4.bottom soil layer promote greatly the development of soil science；have a positive effect on maintaining nutrient balance;play a leading role in promoting the development of fertilizer industry and application of chemical fertilizers.1Contribution Overview of soil science developmentThe Theory of Plant Mineral Nutrition was put forward in the 19th century-“Nutrition sink”1.School of Agricultural Chemistry:Soil is viewed purely from a chemical point of view.Actually,soil is much more complicated,and it is a natural body within which multiple transformations occur；It emphasizes that plants are consumers of soil nutrients，and neglects the effect of plants on soil nutrient enrichment and improvement.2DeficiencyJ.F.Liebig(German)(1803-1873)1.5 Development of soil science Soil is eluvial debris weathered by rock and minerals and also is the product of fragmented rocks.The weathering type of rocks determines soil type.reveal the role of weathering in soil formation;open up a new field of studying soils by mineralogy.Overview of soil science developmentF.A.Fallow(German)(the second half of the 19th century)2.School of Agricultural Geology:equate weathering process with soil forming processes;and equate weathering products with soils;misunderstands the essential difference between soil and parent rock；neglect the role of organisms in soil fertility development and overemphasize the leaching loss of minerals.1.5 Development of soil science 1Contribution2DeficiencyHe put forward the five major soil forming factorsorganisms,climate,parent materials,topography and time,and established the United Theory of Soil Formation.provid the understanding that soil is a historical natural body；play a positive role in promoting the development of modern soil formation theory in the world;Overview of soil science developmentDokuchaev(Russia)(1846-1902)3.School of Soil Genesis:describe merely how natural soils are formed and developed and how their fertility is evolved;neglect the formation and development of agricultural soils,the influences of anthropogenic agriculture and forestry production on soil fertilityThis theory marks the birth of soil science as an independent natural science1.5 Development of soil science 1Contribution2Deficiency(1)In the early 20th century,British and German scientists revealed the process of soil nitrogen cycling and elucidated the importance of microelements in plant nutrition;(2)In 1924,European agricultural soil scientists initiated the World Congress of Soil Science;(3)At the end of 1930,American soil scientist,Richards,established the unsaturated flow equation of soil water;(4)In 1938,Matson,a famous British soil scientist,put forward the concept of pedosphere from the viewpoint of material cycling;In 1935,British scientist,Tansley,created the theory of ecosystem;(5)Since the 1960s,soil scientists are increasingly concerned about the environment.Soil science research is advanced towards both agriculture and environment.The concepts of pedosphere and soil ecosystem are perfected.Since the 1990s,soil science has gained rapid development.Overview of soil science development1.5 Development of soil science（1）soil genesis and classification;（2）soil distribution patterns;（3）soil survey and mapping,and soil quality assessment;1.Soil geography The discipline system of soil science（4）soil degradation and remediation;1.5 Development of soil science 2.Soil physics is a branch of science that studies soil physical phenomena and processes.The discipline system of soil science1.5 Development of soil science ParticleSpecific surface area/surface propertyPoreStructureSoil profileWater,soluteGasHeatForce,energyElectromagnetismLight,radiationMechanicsAnti-corrosionSoil PhysicsThe basic soil composition and propertiesRelated physical composition and propertiesSoil physics methodologySoil managementUtilization of soil water resourcesEnvironmental engineeringFoundation,civil engineeringDesign of agricultural machinery and toolsElse3.Soil chemistry is the study of soil chemical composition,properties,chemical reactions and processes.The discipline system of soil science1.5 Development of soil science MineralStructure,propertyOrganic matterMolecular compositionSoil solutionComposition and propertiesStructural chemistryCrystalline,amorphousSurface chemistryAdsorption,desorptionsoluble chemistryMolecule,atom,electronicsCyclic equilibrium of elementsSoil ChemistrySoil chemic。