北京外国语大学2007年语言学考研真题.pdf

北京外国语大学 2007 年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学和应用语言学1Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said “ 哎，几点了？ ”and the second said “ 不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (25 points) 2Explain this statement and give at least two examples of it :“ In studying other cultures , we do so from the perspective of our own culture.” (25points)3. (1) Give an account of what you know about the English present perfect tense. (20points) (2) If you are to teach a group of junior middle school students the present perfect tense in 45 minutes , how are you going to plan your class? （20points）4. A teacher drilled his/her students in the structure called indirect questions: Do you know where my book is? Do you know what time it is? Did he tell you what time it is? As a direct result of the drills, all the students were able to produce the structure correctly in calss, a student came up to the teacher and asked , “ Do you know where is Mrs.Smith?” , which shows that only minutes after the class the student used the structure incorrectly in spontaneous speech . What do you think is the reason for this misuse? Was the lesson a waste of time? Why or why not? (30points) 5.(1) what do you think are the differences between a good language learner and a poor language learner? (15points) (2) If we know what strategies good language learners use, does it follow that teaching so-called poor language learners to use those strategies will result in their successful language learning? Why or why not? (15points) 参考答案1.As to the 1 st one , an immediate assumption coming to our mind would be the person is asking for the time . The assumption that the hearer gets arises out of the conventional meaning of the expression. The conventional meaning is related to the existing knowledge of the world , and is the meaning that is achieved by the conventions , and is generally accepted by the society.It can be accessed to when we turn to the knowledge towards the world that we have . The expression “几点了 ” is such an conventional meaning that when it is spoken out , everyone will unexceptionally accept it as a way of asking for the time. As to the explanation of the 2ndone ,Levinson s M-principle could come into use. Considering the context , which is in the bus stop , what it expresses is no longer a conventional one , but rather a conversational implicature. According to M-principle , the speaker normally will not use a prolix , obscure or marked expression without reason ; on the hearer s side , if the speaker used a prolix or marked expression , he did not mean the same as he would have had when he used the unmarked expression. That is to say , in the normal situation , in the bus stop as the example above has shown , the intention of that the speaker asks others whether they wear the watch or not is not merely to care about the recipient has a watch or not , but has some other reason , because it would be bizarre to ask a stranger in the bus stop about such a personal staff. Therefore ,the hearer has to assume that the expression is related to the situation , and this expression is not what it literally mean. Following this , the hearer reaches a connection between the bus stop and the watch , that is the time. As s consequence , he knows what the speaker intends is the inquiring of the time. 2. Culture is a semiotic meaning system in which symbols function to communicate meaning from one mind to another. It is related to language in such a way that language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior , and also the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Therefore , without language , culture would not be possible . Consequently , when studying a culture , we often rely on the language . Therefore , we may use our own language to describe the target culture , which may be the one interpretation of the statement “ In studying other cultures , we do so from the perspective of our own culture .”What s more , when studying other cultures , we will definitely come across the differences between the target culture and our own culture. We will subconsciously compare the two different cultures . Seeing from the perspective of our own culture ,we find how the target culture is different from our own culture, and this makes the target culture more distinctive from our own . 3. (1) The English present perfect tense is to express the idea that although an action or state happened (or started to happen ) in the past , it has some connection with the present . It may be that the ( present ) result of the action is more important than the action itself . Alternatively , we may be inferring that the action is important , but the time when it occurred is not . (2) I may probably choose the top-down approach to lead the students to the recognition of this tense . First , I will list out a group of sentences that are all in the present p。