专四写作指导.ppt

A Guide to TEM 4Gao Hongmei2012.9.29避免错句提高表达水平评分时考虑的四个方面：1) content:作文是否体现主题思想即要求文章切题（不跑题），又要达到全文的统一（围绕一个主题） 2) organization:组织是否合理合理的结构主要体现在全文条理清楚，组织连贯和谐，善于使用衔接手段使行文连贯，有逻辑性 3)grammar:语法文字是否有重大错误语句合乎英语语法习惯，文字通顺、语法正确避免句子片段、主谓不一、词性不对（lack,like)等（作文的硬伤） 4)appropriateness:得体上的要求：兼顾论题、情景和读者的因素，使用正式、非正式、亲昵或文学性的词汇、句式、时态、语态、指示方法等 5)tidiness:卷面布局整洁；字体端正清晰、规范大小写、词间空格、段前缩进、正确使用标点，避免拼写错误、减少涂改 (注意：字体可以不漂亮，但必须认真清楚；大小错误都扣分；规范要求书写和标点，避免涂改严格按照字数要求，不要超出和不足照抄指令中原句不记入所写作文字数，因此可以解释或改写 5.作文的五个分数档次： 15，14-12，11-9，8-6，5-3，（2-0）英语写作中典型的病句实例1.disagreements不一致 所谓不一致不仅指主谓不一致，还包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。

例如： Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto. 剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has;want应改为wants. 改为：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo).2.SentenceFragments句子不完整 Therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon. 剖析：本句后半部分“ForexamplebyTV,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句 改为：Therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample,byTV,radio,andnewspaper. TherearemanyinterestingperformancesintheCCTVSpringFestivalGala.Forexample,crosstalk,shortsketch,PekingOperaandsoon. 改为：TherearemanyinterestingperformancesintheCCTVSpringFestivalGala，forexample,crosstalk3.DanglingModifiers悬垂修饰语 所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。

例如：Attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied. 剖析：句子中“attheageoften”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“谁”十岁时 改为：WhenIwasten,mygrandfatherdied.Todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential. 剖析：句子中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚 改为：Todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.3.DanglingModifiers悬垂修饰语 Asthemostimportantfestival,peoplealwayshavealotofwaystocelebratetheSpringFestival. 改为：Asthemostimportantfestival,theSpringFestivalcanbecelebratedinalotofways.4.Run-onSentences不间断句子 Therearemanywayswegettoknowtheoutsideworld. 剖析：这个句子包含两层完整的意思：“Therearemanyways.”以及“Wegettoknowtheoutsideworld.”。

简单地把它们连在一起很不妥当 改为：Therearemanywaysforustolearnabouttheoutsideworld./Therearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanbecomeacquaintedwiththeoutsideworld. Therearemanypeopleshownointerestinthisfilm. 改为：Therearemanypeoplethatshownointerestinthisfilm.5.Redundancy累赘 写作时避免多余的词和不必要的句子例如：Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化 改为：Diligentandkindpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.6.Incoherence不连贯 句子前言不搭后语，或是结构上不畅通例如：Thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth. 剖析：Thefreshwater与逗号后的it不连贯。

It与things在数方面不一致 改为：Freshwateristhemostimportantthingintheworld. TheshortsketchperformedbyZhaoBenshan,itisalwaysIexpectmost. 改为：TheshortsketchperformedbyZhaoBenshanisalwayswhatIexpectmost.7.TroubleinDiction措词毛病 Diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题学生应养成良好的推敲斟酌的习惯，避免随心所欲，拿来就用8.MisuseofPartsofSpeech词性误用提高写作水平的策略 1.适当用被动替换主动 Weshouldpayattentionto改为Attentionshouldbepaidto Itis,therefore,hightimethatsomeapplicableapproacheswereimplementedbytheserviceindustrylikethat.Bydoingso，itscompetitiveedgewillbesharpenedeffectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。

如however/therefore/forexample/Ibelieve做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号比如说：Otherindividuals,however,taketheattitudethat 3.一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的考试中一般不要出现good,bad,many,thing,think,people,opinion等等)比如上面例子applicable替换proper,approaches替换ways,implement替换carryout,sharpenonescompetitiveedge替换enhanceonescompetitiveness(提高某物竞争力) Thedawnofthenewcenturywitnessedtheincreasingpopularityofcomputers.Coincidentwiththeadvancementofscienceandtechnology,computerspouringintothecurrentsocietyasafashionareappealingtogrowingnumbersofindividuals.Itisnoexaggerationtosaywehavebeensubmergedbythem,inlargemeasure! Thedawnofthenewcenturywitnessed是一个精彩句型，用来描述在某个时期发生了什么事情； Increasingpopularity替换moreandmorepopular Coincidentwith非常地道的句型，表达“与一致”的意思，替换With Advancement替换development Pourinto(floodinto/swarminto)替换enterinto Current(currently)替换now Appealtosb.替换sb.beinterestedinsth. Growingnumbersofindividuals替换moreandmorepeople Itisnoexaggerationtosay经典句型，说某事是毫不夸张的 Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? Withthedevelopmentofsociety,manypeoplecanaffordacar.Asthenumberofthecarsisrising,wearefacingsomeproblems.Onebigproblemisthepollutioncausedbytheuseofcars.Inordertosolvethisproblem,governmentagenciesinsomebigcitiesrecentlysuggestthata“pollutiontax”shouldbeputonprivatecarsinordertocontrolthenumberofcarsandreducepollutioninthecity.Formypart,Iagreetothisviewpoint,andmyreasonsareasfollows:Tobeginwith,carscontributetotheenvironmentalpollution.Forexample,alotofbigcitiesinChinaarenowplaguedbyseriousairpollution.Thenitistheresponsibilityoftheseprivatecarownerstopayforthepollutionandtheyshouldbetaxed.Thepurposeofcollectingenvironmentalpollutiontaxistoraisethefund,andthenutilizethetaxrevenuelevertoprotectourenvironment. Secondly,itisagoodwaytoraisepeoplesenvironmentalawarenessbyputtingapollutiontaxonprivatecars.Ifpeoplesufferfromthefinanciallosswhenmakingadecision,theywillthinkmoreabouttheirdecision.Thentheywillconsidermorewhendecidingtobuyaprivatecar.Consequently,theincreaserateofthenumberoftheprivatecarscanbecontrolled. Inaword,itisaverygoodandnecessaryattempttousethem。