2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷28（附答案带详解）.docx

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 翻译题Still, the idea of animals feeling emotions remains controversial among many scientists. Researchers’ skepticism is fueled in part by their professional aversion to anthropomorphism (动物人格化), the very nonscientific tendency to attribute human qualities to nonhumans. Many scientists also say that it is impossible to prove animals have emotions using standard scientific methods—repeatable observations that can be manipulated in controlled experiments—leading them to conclude that such feelings must not exist. Today, however, amid mounting evidence to the contrary, “the tide is turning radically and rapidly,” says Bekoff, who is at the forefront of this movement.Even the most harsh skeptics of animal passion agree that many creatures experience fear—which some scientists define as a “primary” emotion that contrasts with “secondary” emotions such as love and grief. Unlike these more complex feelings, fear is instinctive and requires no conscious thought.But beyond such instinctive emotions and their predictable behavioral responses, the possibility of more complex animal feelings—those that entail mental processing—is difficult to demonstrate, because feelings are intangible, and so tough to study scientifically.The new case for animal emotions comes in part from the growing acceptability of field observations, particularly when they are taken in aggregate. The latest contribution to this body of knowledge is a new book. The Smile of a Dolphin, which presents personal reports from more than 50 researchers who have spent their careers studying animals—from cats, dogs, and chimps to birds and fish, edited by Bekoff, who says it will finally “legitimize” research on animal emotions.【答案】【参考译文】但是，许多科学家仍然对动物也有情感的观点持有异议。

研究人员之所以表示怀疑，部分原因是他们出于职业习惯讨厌拟人论，因为他们认为这是一种将人类的特性强加在非人类生物身上的毫无科学根据的主观倾向许多科学家还认为用标准的科学方法无法证明动物是有情感的——在受控实验环境下可进行重复观察——这使他们得出结论，认为这些所谓的动物情感一定不存在但是如今出现越来越多相反的证据站在这场运动前沿的贝科夫说道：“这场运动的潮流正在根本性地迅速转向甚至连那些对动物情感论持绝对怀疑态度的人也认为，许多动物有恐惧感——有的科学家认为，恐惧是与爱和悲伤等“中级”情感相对的“初级”情感与较为复杂的“中级”情感相比，恐惧是一种本能，它不需要任何有意识的思维但是，除了这些具有本能性质的情感及其可预见的行为反应之外，科学家很难证明动物可能存在更为复杂的情感，即那些需要有心理活动过程的情感，因为感情是无形的，很难用科学的方法进行研究动物情感方面出现新主张，部分原因是越来越多的人愿意接受研究人员取得的实地观察结果，特别是把这些观察结果汇总到一起时新书《海豚的微笑》对这一知识体系做出了最新贡献该书收录了50多名研究人员撰写的个人报告，这些研究人员将自己的整个职业生涯都倾注在对动物的研究——猫、狗、熊、黑猩猩、鸟和鱼等动物。

该书的编辑贝科夫认为，这本书最终会使动物情感的研究“合法化”2. 单选题Independent auditors from KPMG say they are preparing to closely scrutinize organizational and operational changes that State Compensation Insurance Fund is implementing.问题1选项A.examineB.executeC.informD.foster【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. examine （仔细地）检查，检验 B. execute （尤指依法）处决，处死C. inform 知会，通知 D. foster 促进，助长【答案】A【考查点】动词辨析解题思路】scrutinize的意思为“认真检查，细致审查”，和changes构成动宾搭配关系，指的是仔细审查正在实施的组织和运营变革，examine与之词义相近，因此A选项正确干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符句意】毕马威会计师事务所的独立审计师表示，他们正准备密切审查国家赔偿保险基金正在实施的组织和运营变革。

3. 单选题Long-term water availability is largely determined by the average conditions in a river basin, but it is often extreme events that cause acute water insecurity.问题1选项A.occasionalB.constantC.urgentD.serious【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. occasional 偶尔的，偶然的 B. constant 连续发生的，不断的C. urgent 紧急的，紧迫的 D. serious 严重的，有危险的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析解题思路】acute的意思为“十分严重的”，这里指极端事件让水变得非常不安全，有严重的安全问题，serious与之词义相近，因此D选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符句意】长期来说，水资源的可用性在很大程度上取决于流域的平均条件，但往往是极端事件导致严重的在水安全方面的问题4. 填空题Shortly after World War II, American art began to gamer worldwide attention and ________. This change was due to the innovative fervor of abstract expressionism in the 1950s. (admire)【答案】admiration【解析】【考查点】名词。

解题思路】根据关键词and，可知attention和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和attention一样为名词，admiration“赞赏”符合语境，指的是美国艺术引起全世界的赞赏句意】第二次世界大战后不久，美国艺术开始引起全世界的注意和赞赏这种变化源于20世纪50年代抽象表现主义的创新热情5. 填空题The 18th-century Geneva-born philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau promoted a(n) ________ view of education that emphasized the importance of individual self-expression. (influence)【答案】influential【解析】【考查点】形容词解题思路】根据横线前的a(n)和横线后的view，可知横线处为形容词，用来形容viewinfluential的意思为“有很大影响的”，符合语境，指的是卢梭的教育观对世界影响很大句意】18世纪日内瓦出生的哲学家卢梭提出了一种有影响力的教育观，即强调个人自我表达的重要性6. 单选题Nowadays it is mandatory to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of the new cell chemistry to be able to understand practical medical advances in fields of virology, cancer, and hereditary diseases.问题1选项A.profoundB.essentialC.multipleD.elementary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的 B. essential 必不可少的，极其重要的C. multiple 数量多的，多种多样的 D. elementary 初级的，基础的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。

解题思路】rudimentary的意思为“基础的，基本的”，修饰knowledge，指的是要知道新细胞化学的基本知识，elementary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符句意】如今，要想了解病毒学、癌症和遗传疾病等领域的实际医学进展，至少必须掌握新细胞化学的基本知识7. 单选题Angry engineers challenged the statistical significance of the study’s small sample and labeled it sloppy science.问题1选项A.carelessB.doubtfulC.invalidD.worthless。