英语虚拟语句.doc

虚拟语调在文法中，虚拟语调(subjunctive mood)(有时称为连接语调(conjunctive mood))是诸多语言均有的动词语调它典型的用在附属子句中体现但愿、命令、情绪、也许性、判断、必然性、或与目前事实相反的陈述虚拟语调的详情随语言而不同1 应用条件　　在表达虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的状况时用虚拟语调，表达主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语调即当一种人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜想，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语调2 条件状语从句2.1 条件状语从句分类　　条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句非真实条件句表达的是假设或实际也许性不大的状况，故采用虚拟语调　　英语：　　If he doesn't hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果她不快点，她将错过巴士 真实)　　If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果她是空闲的，她会规定我讲故事真实）　　If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我立即就会去。

我不也许是你非真实，虚拟语调）　　If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡不也许没有空气非真实，虚拟语调）2.2 用法及动词形式　　1、表达与目前事实相反的状况：　　从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)　　主句：主语+should/would/could/might+do　　eg：　　　1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.　　如果我是你，我会带把伞事实：我不也许是你）　　2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.　　如果我懂得她的号码，我就会告诉你事实：不懂得）　　3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth. 　　如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物事实：地球上既有空气也有水)　　4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 　　如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。

事实：没有带钱）　　5．If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.　　如果她再努力些，就能通过考试了事实：没有努力）2、表达与过去事实相反的状况　　从句：If 主语+had+done　　主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have done　　eg：　　1． If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她　　（事实：去晚了）　　2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果她听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了　　（事实：没有听我的话）　　3．she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.　　她看我的样子仿佛我是一种陌生人事实：我并非陌生人）　3、表达对将来状况的主观推测　　主句：主语+should+do　从句：①if+主语+were to do ②if+主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+did（动词过去式）/were 　　eg：　　1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him. 　　如果她明天来这儿的话，我就跟她谈谈。

事实：来的也许性很小）　　2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating. 　　如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了事实：下雪也许性很小）　　3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter. 　　如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末事实：来的也许性很小）4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，成果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同步发生时，虚拟语调的形式应作相应的调节这种条件句叫错综条件句①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与目前或目前正在发生的事实不符　　eg：　　If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too. 　　如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我目前也会成为一种工程师了　　If they had informed us,we would not come here now. 　　如果她们告知过我们的话，我们目前就不会来这里了②从句的动作与目前事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。

　　如：　　If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing. 　　如果她今天有空的话，我们会已经派她去北京了　　If he knew her,he would have greeted her. 　　要是她结识她的话，她肯定会去问候她了5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词具有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语eg：　　Should he agree to go there,we would send him there. 　　要是她答应去的话，我们就派她去　　Were she here,she would agree with us. 　　如果她在这儿的话，她会批准我们的　　Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here. 　　如果她懂某些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘任她来这里工作了6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不体现出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其她方式表达出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数状况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…等　　eg：　　But for his help,we would be working now. 　　要不是她的协助，我们还会在工作呢。

　　Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress. 　　要是没有你的指引，我不会获得如此大的进步　　We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.　　我们不懂得她的号码，否则我们就会给她打7、 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一种，来表达说话人的一种强烈的感情　　①省略从句　　He would have finished it. 她本该完毕了　　You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的　　②省略主句　　If I were at home now. 要是我目前在家里该多好啊　　If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了该多好啊8.注意，在虚拟语调的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was　　eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.　　如果我是你，就会去找她3 各类用法3.1 wish 后宾语从句　　a、表达与目前事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式　　eg. I wish I had your brains.　　我但愿我有你那样的头脑。

事实：我主线比不上你)　　b、表达与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done　　eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.　　我但愿我那时就懂得这件事情的真相事实：那时还不懂得）　　c、表达将来难以实现的愿望　　谓语动词： should/would（情态动词） + 动词原形eg. I wish I should havea chance again.　　我但愿我还能有一次这样的机会事实：很难再有这样的机会了）注：if only引导的感慨句和as if/as though引导的状语从句也有相似用法3.2 目的状语从句　　1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语调时，从句谓语为：should + do并且 should能省略　　She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in. 　　她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入　　He started out earlier lest he (should) be late. 　　她早早的就出发了以防迟到。

　　2、在so that,in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do 　　He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 她走近说话的人以便能听得更清晰　　He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 她把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一种字3.3 其她用法　　1、一想要( desire ) 一宁愿( prefer ) 一坚持( insist )二命令( order , command ) 三建议( advise , suggest , propose/recommend) 四规定( demand , require , request , ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为什么种时态，从句的谓语动词都用："should + do"should可以省略　　eg：He suggested that we (should) take the teacher's advice.　　He insisted that we (should) take the teacher's advice.　　He demand that we (should) take the teacher's advice.　　He ordered that we (should) take the teacher's advice.insist 意为“坚持某种动作”才用虚拟语调；意为“坚持某种观点，某个事实”则不用虚拟语调。

　　eg：　　He insists he is a stude。