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第06单元指示词(精品).doc

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    • 第06单元 指示词   Ⅰ.引言  165 此后四个单元,我们将讨论一些可用作代词、形容词及副词,而有某些共同语法特点的词例如which是代词,whose是形容词,where为副词,但都有关系词的共同特点又如larg-er为形容词,sooner为副词,这两个词都具有比较级的共同特点我们首先研究一组具有指示特点的词,如this,another,every,称为指示词(Demonstratives);然后讨论构成问句的词,如who,why,whose,称为疑问词(Interrogatives);接着处理表示“较……”及“最……”的一类词,如larger,soonest,faster,称为比较级(Comparatives)及最高级(Superlatives);再谈谈数词(Numericals)及量词(Quantitatives),如five,dozen,much;最后研究同时具有连词和代词(副词、形容词)作用的一组词,称为关系词(Relatives),如which,that,where  Ⅱ.指示词的一般特点  166 1.指示词可以是单数也可以是复数,可以用作代词,也可用作形容词有些指示词,如:this,that,用作代词时是单数,用作形容词时,后面跟单数可数名词(简称SCN)或是跟不可数名词(简称UN)。

      另一些,如there,those,用作代词时为复数,用作形容词时后面跟复数名词另外,如any,两种情况都可以下表中ink代表不可数名词(UN),pen代表单数可数名词(SCN),pens代表复数可数名词(PCN)这个表可说明一个特定的指示词是单数(SD)还是复数(PD),后面跟不可数名词还是单数可数名词:  SD(+SCN or UN)........... PD(+PCN)  this(pen,ink)............ these(pens)  that(pen,ink)............ those(pens)  some(pen,ink)............ some(pens)  the same(pen,ink)........ the same(pens)  such(a pen,ink).......... such(pens)  no pen,no ink.............. no pens  none(X)(=无适当的词).... none(X)  any(pen,ink)............. any(pens)  all(the pen,the ink)..... all(the pens)  every pen................... X  X........................... both(pens)  either(pen)............... X  neither(pen).............. X  one(X).................... ones(X)  another(pen).............. other pens,others  a certain pen............... certain pens  在左边,例如this是单数指示词。

      它可用作单数代词,如:This is good.或跟一个单数可数名词或不可数名词,如:This book is good.或This milk is good.在this的右边为these,它的意思与this差不多,但是一个复数指示词These可用作复数代词,如:These are good.或用作形容词,后面跟一个复数名词,如:These books are good.该表也说明some,the same,such,any既可作单数,也可作复数,又说明no,every,(a)certain不能用作代词,只能用作形容词,this,that,some,such,no,any及all可以跟一个不可数名词  167 2.有些指示词表示“一个”,有些表示“两个”,有些表示“多个”  所以有必要弄清每一指示词可表示共有多少东西或多少人:  数量 ..................... 指示词  three or more..................... all  two or more....................... these,those,some,same,  such,other(s),certain  one only.......................... this,that,some(body),same,  such a,another,a certain,one  two only.......................... both  zero.............................. none,no  one of the three or more.......... any,every  one of the two.................... either,neither  one of the two or more............ each  168 3.大多数指示词也可用作副词。

        除了such,every,same,certain,one以外,所有指示词都偶尔可用作副词,如:He has some(=about)fifty good novels.The fish is that(=so)large?I don‘t believe.  169 4.有些指示词可与连词一起用,如:  either…or,both…and,neither…nor  Both John and David are stupid.This job is neither easy nordifficult.  170 5.单数可数名词一般须要加指示词  单数可数名词前一般要加一个冠词a或the;物主代词或名词所有格,如your,John’s;或单数指示词,如this,that,one,every,any,each,some,no,either,neither,another,a certain,such a,或the same  下面句子都是错的,因为名词前面未加上述这类词:  He saw house.  He has pretty dog.  He kept very lovely horse.  Good fountain pen is necessary.  Honest and faithful friend is better than anything.  171 6.指示词后跟着一个of短语时的情况:  指示代词(a)及指示形容词(b)后都可跟一个of引出的短语:  (a)all of them some of them  each of my friends either of his hands  none of your nonsense every one of those people  (b)no friend of mine any plan of David‘s  these houses of my aunt’s that dog of yours  every plan of his such friends of mine  172 “指示词+of-短语”,如each of us,most of them,可以放在系动词be或是助动词后面,甚至为了强调放在句子末尾,仿佛一个状语似的:  They are most of them foolish.  Those children will every one grow very quickly.  We should both of us advise him.  Teachers must none of them show impatience.  They are foolish,most of them.  We should advise him,both of us.  在用all,both,each时,of-短语可以省略,all,both,each的作用就像副词:  They will all come here.(Or:They all came here.)  The students must each do the exercise.(Or:The studentseach…)  We shall both study astronomy.(Or:We both…)  173 7.合成的指示词  下面代词及副词为合成词,它们不可分写成两个字,如some body,no thing.  代词:  someone anyone everyone noone(or no one)  somebody anybody everybody nobody  something anything everything nothing  副词:  somewhere(someplace—美国用法),somehow(someway—美国用法),sometimes,sometime,someday,somewhat  anywhere(anyplace—美国用法),anyhow(anyway),any-time(美国用法)  everywhere(everyplace—美国用法)  nowhere(noplace—美国用法),nohow(不规范)  Someone,anyone和everyone只表示人。

      如果后面跟有of引起的短语,这类词的两部分必须分开写,这时可指人也可指物:  Any one of us has done his best.  Some one of his dogs is lovely indeed.  Every one of the books I have read is interesting.  但:None(不要说No one)of the members came.  174 上面所列表示人的代词,一般都作单数看待,可以用he,his,him代替但在现代口语中,人们更倾向于用they,their,them代替,以避免涉及性别问题:  Someone(or Somebody)will do it although they know it isdangerous.  Anyone(or Anybody)can speak Chinese if they have learned itsome years.  Everyone(or Everybody,Every[member])expressed theirviews.  No one(or Nobody)is willing to criticize themselves.  175 8.In,at或on的省略  在表示时间的状语中,指示形容词前的at,in,on等介词  常常被省略掉,虽然在某些情况下也可以不省:  He came one afternoon,every month,the other day,eachnoon,the same week.(不要说 on one afternoon,in ev-ery month,at each noon.但可说on Sunday af。

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