
急诊学教学课件:Poisoning &Drug Overdose.ppt
64页南京医科大学南京医科大学南京医科大学南京医科大学第二附属医院第二附属医院第二附属医院第二附属医院南 京 医 科 大 学 第 二 临 床 医 学 院Department of critical care medicineT h e S e c o n d A f f i l i a t e d H o s p i t a l o f N a n j i n g M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t yT h e S e c o n d C l i n i c a l M e d i c a l S c h o o l o f N a n j i n g M e d i c a l U n i v e r s i t yPoisoning &Drug OverdoseContents1.Evaluation2.General approach3.Organophosphorus insecticides 4. Carbon monoxide 5. Benzodiazepines6.AlcoholReference•S.H.L. Thomas J. White Chaper 9 posioning•Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine 22ed p205-2301.Evaluation•1.1 ABC•1.2 Taking a history•1.3 Clinical signs•1.4 Laboratory analysis1.1ABCAirway •Assessment: Any signs of airway obstruction?•Management: Establish a patent airway(Coma GCS<8)Breathing •Assessment: respiratory rate, bilateral chest movement, •Management: No respiratory effort:treat as arrest, intubate, and ventilate. Compromised:high-concentration O2Circulation •Assessment: Check pulse and blood pressure; check capillary refill; look for evidence of hypoperfusion•Management: –IV catheters, fluids –If no cardiac output, treat as arrest1.2 Taking a history• What toxin(s) have been taken and how much? • What time were they taken and by what route? • Has alcohol or any drug of misuse been taken as well? • Assess suicide risk 1.3 Clinical signs of poisoning1.4 Laboratory analysisOrganophosphates• Plasma cholinesterase is reduced more rapidly but is less specific than red cell cholinesterase((server<30%,middle30%-50%, mild50-70%)Carboxyhaemoglobin• > 20% indicates significant carbon monoxide exposureEthanolIn china:Drunk driving 20-80mg/dL 20mg/dL =1 cup of bearDrunken driving >80mg/dL =2 bottle of bearCauses of acidosis in the poisoned patientCauseNormal lactate *High lactateToxicSalicylatesMetforminMethanolIronEthylene glycolCyanideSodium valproate Carbon monoxideOtherRenal failure Ketoacidosis Severe diarrhoeaShockCommon Toxic Syndromes (Toxidromes)AnticholinergicCommon signsDelirium with mumbling speech, tachycardia, dry flushed skin, dilated pupils, myoclonus, slightly elevated temperature, urinary retention, decreased bowel sounds. Seizures and dysrhythmias may occur in severe cases.Common causesAntihistamines, antiparkinsonians, atropine, scopolamine, amantadine, antipsychotics, antidepressants, antispasmodics, mydriatics, muscle relaxants, many plants (e.g., jimson weed,Amanita muscaria )SympathomimeticCommon signsDelusions, paranoia, tachycardia (or bradycardia with pure alpha-agonists), hypertension, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis, piloerection, mydriasis, hyper-reflexia. Seizures, hypotension, and dysrhythmias may occur in severe cases.Common causesCocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and its derivatives, over-the-counter decongestants (phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine). In caffeine and theophylline overdoses, similar findings, except for the organic psychiatric signs, result from catecholamine release.Opioid/Sedative/EthanolCommon signsComa, respiratory depression, miosis, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, pulmonary edema, decreased bowel sounds, hyporeflexia, needle marks. Seizures may occur after overdoses of some narcotics (e.g., propoxyphene).Common causesNarcotics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, methyprylon, methaqualone, meprobamate, ethanol, clonidine, guanabenz2.General management***•2.1 External decontamination•2.2 Gastrointestinal decontamination (Activated charcoal,,Gastric aspiration and lavage,,Whole bowel irrigation))•2.3 Urinary alkalinisation•2.4 Haemodialysis and haemoperfusion•2.5 Antidotes•2.6 Supportive care2.1 External decontamination2.2 Gastric decontamination methodsActivated charcoal: if a patient has ingested a potentially toxic amount of a poison up to 1 hr previously.DO Not use charcoal***Gastric aspiration and/or lavageGastric aspiration and/or lavageUse may be justified for life-threatening overdoses of some substances that are not absorbed by activated charcoalThe American Association of Poison Centers (AAPC) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) have issued a joint statement that gastric lavage should not be employed routinely, if ever, in the management of poisoned patientsVale JA, Kulig K, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42:933.Contraindications*** ●Unprotected airway●Caustic ingestion (due to risk of exacerbating any esophageal or gastric injury)●Hydrocarbon ingestion (due to high aspiration risk)●Patients at risk of GI hemorrhage or perforation (recent surgery, underlying anatomic abnormality or pathology, coagulopathy)Whole bowel irrigation Whole bowel irrigation should be considered for:• poisoning with sustained-release or emetic-coated drugs• patients who have ingested substantial amounts of iron• removal of ingested packets of illicit drugs.large quantities of osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol and electrolyte solution (1–2 L/hr for an adult.2.3 Urinary alkalinisationUse:sodium bicarbonate (e.g. 1.5 L of 1.26% sodium bicarbonate over 2 hrs), For: weak acids (e.g. salicylates, methotrexate and the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and mecoprop) are highly ionised, resulting in enhanced urinary excretion.2.4 Haemodialysis and haemoperfusion•Haemodialysis:The toxin must be small enough to cross the dialysis membrane•Haemoperfusion: The toxin must bind to activated charcoalPoisons effectively eliminated by haemodialysis or haemoperfusionHaemodialysis• Ethylene glycol• Isopropanol• Methanol• Salicylates• Sodium valproate• LithiumHaemoperfusion• Theophylline• Phenytoin• Carbamazepine• Phenobarbital• AmobarbitalPoisons effectively eliminated by haemodialysis or haemoperfusion2.5 Antidotes TOXINANTIDOTEDOSE AND COMMENTSAcetaminophenN -Acetylcysteine140 mg/kg PO, then 70 mg/kg q4h for up to 17 doses OR 150 mg/kg IV load during 1 hour with 50 mg/kg during 4 hours followed by 100 mg/kg during 16 hoursAnticholinergicsPhysostigmine1-2 mg IV in adults, 0.5 mg in children during 2 minutes for anticholinergic delirium, seizures, or dysrhythmiasBenzodiazepinesFlumazenil0.2 mg, then 0.3 mg, then 0.5 mg, up to 5 mg; not to be used if patient has signs of TCA toxicity; not approved for use in children but probably safeOpioidsNaloxone2 mg; less to avoid narcotic withdrawal, more if inadequate response; same dose in childrenOrganophosphates and carbamatesAtropineTest dose, 1-2 mg IV in adults, 0.03 mg/kg in children; titrate to drying of pulmonary secretionsProtopamLoading dose, 1-2 g IV in adults, 25-50 mg/kg in children; adult maintenance, 500 mg/hr or 1-2 g q4-6h2.6 Supportive careExamples of causative agentsManagementComaSedative agentsAppropriate airway protection and ventilatory support Identification and treatment of aspiration pneumoniaSeizuresNSAIDs Anticonvulsants TCAs TheophyllineAppropriate airway and ventilatory support IV benzodiazepineCorrection of hypoxia, acid–base and metabolic abnormalitiesAcute dystoniasTypical antipsychotics MetoclopramideProcyclidine, benzatropine or diazepamExamples of causative agents ManagementDue to vasodilatationVasodilator antihypertensives Anticholinergic agents TCAsIV fluids VasopressorsDue to myocardial suppressionβ-blockers Calcium channel blockers TCAsOptimisation of volume status Inotropic agents Ventricular tachycardiaMonomorphic, associated with QRS prolongationSodium channel blockersCorrection of electrolyte and acid–base abnormalities and hypoxia Sodium bicarbonateTorsades de pointes, associated with QT cprolongationAnti-arrhythmic drugs (quinidine, amiodarone, sotalol) Antimalarials Organophosphate insecticides Antipsychotic agents Antidepressants Antibiotics (erythromycin)Magnesium sulphate, 2 g IV over 1–2 mins, repeated if necessary3.Organophosphorus componds•Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are widely used as pesticides•Fatality rate is 5–20%.Rabbit used to check for leaks at sarin production plant, Rocky Mountain Arsenal (1970)U.S. Honest John missile warhead cutaway, showing M134 sarin bomblets (c. 1960)Tokyo subway sarin attack•In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released sarin on several lines of the Tokyo subway, killing 12 people, severely injuring 50 and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 othersGhouta chemical attack21 August 2013death toll range from 'at least 281'[2] to 1,729 fatalitiesMechanism of toxicity***OP compounds phosphonylate the active site of acetylcholinesterase(AChE), inactivating the enzyme and leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) incholinergic synapsesageingClinical features**•plasma (cholinesterase) red blood cell cholinesterase activity. •server<30%,middle30%-50%, mild50-70%Acute cholinergic syndrome***Cholinergic muscarinicCholinergic nicotinicRespiratoryBronchorrhoea, bronchoconstrictionReduced ventilationCardiovascularBradycardia, hypotensionTachycardia, hypertensionCNSConfusion–Muscle–Fasciculation, paralysisTemperatureFever–EyesDiplopia, mydriasisLacrimation, miosisAbdomenIleus, palpable bladderVomiting, profuse diarrhoeaMouthDrySalivationSkinFlushing, hot, drySweatingComplicationsSeizuresSeizuresAcute cholinergic syndrome Management: ABC•Airway: clear excessive secretions•Breathing(high-flow oxygen)•circulation assessed,•intravenous access obtained.Management•Further exposure should be prevented•Contaminated clothing and contact lenses removed, the skin washed with soap and water•Gastric lavage or activated charcoal ( within 1 hour of Ingestion)•ECG, oxygen saturation, blood gases, temperature, urea and electrolytes, amylaseManagement :Atropine***•Early use of sufficient doses of atropine is potentially life-saving in patients with severe toxicity. •Reverses ACh-induced bronchospasm, bronchorrhoea, bradycardia and hypotension.Atropine:dosage•0.6–2 mg IV, repeated every 10–25 mins until secretions are controlled, the skin is dry and there is a sinus tachycardia. Management: Oxime**•Oxime such as pralidoxime chloride氯解磷定氯解磷定(or obidoxime双复磷双复磷)should also be administered, •Reverse or prevent muscle weakness, convulsions or coma, especially if given rapidly after exposure. The pralidoxime dose for an adult is 2 g IV over 4 mins, repeated 4–6 times daily. •Oximes work by reactivating AChE that has not undergone ‘ageing’ •Oximes may provoke hypotension, especially if administered rapidly.The intermediate syndrome*•Incidence:20% of patients •Time:between 1 and 4 days after exposure, often after resolution of the acute cholinergic syndrome, and may last 2–3 weeks. •Symptom:weakness that spreads rapidly from the ocular muscles to those of the head and neck, proximal limbs and the muscles of respiration, resulting in ventilatory failure •Treatment :no specific treatment ,supportive care, including maintenance of airway and ventilationOrganophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDN)*•Mechanism: inhibition of enzymes other than AChE. •Incidence: Rare complication•Time: 2–3 weeks after acute exposure. •Symptom: mixed sensory/motor polyneuropathy, especially affecting long myelinated neurons, 4.Carbon monoxide •Colourless, odourless gas•produced by faulty appliances burning organic fuels. •vehicle exhaust fumes ,smoke from house fires.toxicity•binding with haemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase, which reduces tissue oxygen delivery and inhibits cellular respiration. Clinical features•Acute severe carbon monoxide poisoning : headache, nausea, irritability, weakness and tachypnoea•Subsequently, ataxia, nystagmus, drowsiness and hyper-reflexia may develop, progressing to coma, convulsions, hypotension, respiratory depression, cardiovascular collapse and death•Myocardial ischaemia •Cerebral oedema •rhabdomyolysis :myoglobinuria ,renal failure•Measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin is useful for confirming exposure ;levels do not correlate well with the severity of poisoning,•ECG should be performed especially those with pre-existing heart disease.•Blood gaslonger-term neuropsychiatric effects Common, Personality change, memory loss,concentration impairment. Extrapyramidal effects, urinary or faecal incontinence, and gait disturbance may also occur. Management*•Removed from exposure •Resuscitated.•Oxygen should be administered in as high a concentration as possible via a tightly fitting facemask, as this reduces the half-life of carboxyhaemoglobin from 4–6 hours to about 40 minutes.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy•Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is controversial.•At 2.5 atmospheres it reduces the half-life of carboxyhaemoglobin to about 20 minutes and increases the amount of dissolved oxygen by a factor of 10, but systematic reviews have shown no improvement in clinical outcomes. StimulantSedative hypnotic OpioidCommon causes•Amphetamines•MDMA (‘ecstasy’)•Ephedrine•Pseudoephedrine•Cocaine•Cannabis•Phencyclidine•Cathinones (e.g. mephedrone)•Benzylpiperazine•Benzodiazepines•Barbiturates•Ethanol•Gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB)•Heroin•Morphine•Methadone•Oxycodone•Dihydrocodeine•Codeine•Pethidine•Dipipanone•Buprenorphine•Dextropropoxyphene•TramadolClinical featuresRespiratoryTachypnoeaReduced respiratory rate and ventilation 1Reduced respiratory rate and ventilationCardiovascularTachycardia, hypertensionHypotension 1Hypotension, relative bradycardiaCNSRestlessness, anxiety, anorexia, insomniaConfusion, hallucinations, slurred speechConfusion, hallucinations, slurred speechHallucinationsSedation, coma 1Sedation, coma 2MuscleTremorAtaxia, reduced muscle tone Ataxia, reduced muscle toneTemperatureFeverHypothermiaHypothermiaEyesMydriasisDiplopia, strabismus, nystagmus Normal pupil sizeMiosisAbdomenAbdominal pain, diarrhoea–IleusComplications•Seizures•Myocardial infarction•Dysrhythmias•Rhabdomyolysis•Renal failure•Intracerebral haemorrhage or infarctionRespiratory failure 1Respiratory failure 25. Benzodiazepines•They are of low toxicity when taken alone in overdose but can enhance CNS depression when taken with other sedative agents, including alcohol. •significant toxicity in the elderly and those with chronic lung or neuromuscular disease.Clinical features•Clinical features of toxicity include drowsiness, ataxia and confusion •Respiratory depression and hypotension may occur with severe poisoning in susceptible groups, especially after intravenous administration of short-acting agents.Management•Activated charcoal may be useful after ingestion in susceptible patients or after mixed overdose, if given within 1 hour. •The specific benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil increases conscious level in patients with overdose but carries a risk of seizures, and is contraindicated in patients co-ingesting proconvulsant agents such as TCAs and in those with a history of seizures.6. Alcohol•In the U.S., 100,000 deaths from excessive alcohol consumption occur annually•The rate of hospitalization for acute ethanol poisoning is 220 per 100,000 person-years•Alcohol directly or indirectly accounts for up to 40% of emergency department visits in any given yearmechanism•rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal mucosa and into the bloodstream, with nearly 100% absorption at 60 minutes. •Ethanol in the blood, rather than its metabolites, that causes intoxication•The metabolism of ethanol occurs mainly in the liver, where alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde. Associated disorders•Trauma•Tobacco and illicit drug use•High-risk behavior, such as unprotected sex and drunk driving•Health or social issues, such as depression (in adults or children ), insomnia , domestic violence, child neglect/abuse , and absenteeism•Alcoholic hepatitis•Medical conditions associated with chronic alcohol use: cardiomyopathy , neuropathy, malignancy, cirrhosis , pancreatitis , encephalopathyClinical presentationSymptoms vary with blood alcohol level and degree of tolerance. •Feeling “high”•Difficulty exercising good judgment•Trouble walking and talking•Confusion•Anger•Nausea and vomiting•Trouble controlling urine and stoolSigns***Clinical presentation varies according to blood alcohol level and degree of tolerance:•Euphoria; disinhibition; impaired judgment, movement, and speech (blood alcohol level 50-200 mg/dL)•Impaired coordination, balance, and reflex responses; belligerence or violence (blood alcohol level 150-300 mg/dL)•Incontinence of urine or stool; stupor (blood alcohol level 250-400 mg/dL)•Hyporeflexia; hypothermia; coma; death (blood alcohol level 300-500 mg/dL)Treatment•supportive care, •prevent organ damage and associated complications, and •control withdrawal syndromeTreatment•Treat hypoglycemia, if present, with 50% dextrose; give thiamine 100 mg intravenously. Treat opiate intoxication with naloxone 2 mg intravenously•Activated charcoal is not effective in ethanol poisoning because of its rapid rate of absorption, but it may be beneficial in treating toxicity from other substances that have been ingested。
