曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第三章.ppt

Interdependence and the Gains from TradeChapter 3Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.All rights reserved.   Requests for permission to make copies of any part of thework should be mailed to:Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers,6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.Interdependence and Trade Consider your typical day:uYou wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea.uYou pour yourself some orange juice made from oranges grown in Florida.uYou put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand.uYou watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan.uYou drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries. …and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Interdependence and TradeRemember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members.How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy?uWe can be economically self-sufficient.uWe can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence.Interdependence and TradeA general observation . . .Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity.Interdependence and TradeBut, this gives rise to two questions:uWhy is interdependence the norm?uWhat determines production and trade?Why is interdependence the norm?Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others.What determines the pattern of production and trade?Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.uImagine . . .¼only two goods: potatoes and meat¼only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancheruWhat should each produce?uWhy should they trade?A Parable for the Modern EconomyThe Production Opportunities of the Farmer and the RancherHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Self-SufficiencyBy ignoring each other:uEach consumes what they each produce.uThe production possibilities frontier is also the consumption possibilities frontier.Without trade, economic gains are diminished.Production Possibilities FrontiersPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)4212(a) The Farmer’s Production Possibilities Frontier0AProduction Possibilities FrontiersPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)540202.5(b) The Rancher’s Production Possibilities Frontier0BThe Farmer and the Rancher Specialize and Trade Each would be better off if they specialized in producing the product they are more suited to produce, and then trade with each other.uThe farmer should produce potatoes. uThe rancher should produce meat.The Gains from Trade: A SummaryHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Gains from Trade: A SummaryHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Trade Expands the Set of Consumption PossibilitiesPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)4221(a) How Trade Increases the Farmer’s Consumption0A33A*Farmer’s consumption without tradeFarmer’s consumption with tradeTrade Expands the Set of Consumption PossibilitiesPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)52.54020(b) How Trade Increases The Rancher’s Consumption0B213B*Rancher’s consumption without tradeRancher’s consumption with tradeThe Gains from Trade: A SummaryHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Principle of Comparative AdvantageuWho should produce what?uHow much should be traded for each product?Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost--the farmer or the rancher?Differences in the costs of production determine the following:Differences in Costs of ProductionuThe number of hours required to produce a unit of output. (for example, one pound of potatoes)uThe opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another.Two ways to measure differences in costs of production:Absolute AdvantageuDescribes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another.uThe producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good.Comparative AdvantageuCompares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.uThe producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good.Specialization and TradeuWho has the absolute advantage?The farmer or the rancher?uWho has the comparative advantage?The farmer or the rancher?Absolute AdvantageuThe Rancher needs only 8 hours to produce a pound of potatoes, whereas the Farmer needs 10 hours.uThe Rancher needs only 1 hour to produce a pound of meat, whereas the Farmer needs 20 hours.The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of both meat and potatoes.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Opportunity Cost of Meat and PotatoesHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Comparative AdvantageuThe Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of potatoes is 8 pounds of meat, whereas the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a pound of potatoes is 1/2 pound of meat.uThe Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is only 1/8 pound of potatoes, while the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is 2 pounds of potatoes...Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Comparative Advantage…so, the Rancher has a comparative advantage in the production of meat but the Farmer has a comparative advantage in the production of potatoes.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Principle of Comparative AdvantageuComparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade.uWhenever potential trading parties have differences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade.Benefits of TradeTrade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.Adam Smith and TradeIn his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith performed a detailed analysis of trade and economic interdependence, which economists still adhere to today.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.David Ricardo and TradeIn his 1816 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, David Ricardo developed the principle of comparative advantage as we know it today.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn????Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.SummaryuInterdependence and trade allow people to enjoy a greater quantity and variety of goods and services.SummaryuThe person who can produce a good with a smaller quantity of inputs has an absolute advantage. uThe person with a smaller opportunity cost has a comparative advantage.SummaryuThe gains from trade are based on comparative advantage, not absolute advantage. uComparative advantage applies to countries as well as to people. Graphical ReviewHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Production Possibilities FrontiersPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)4212(a) The Farmer’s Production Possibilities Frontier0AProduction Possibilities FrontiersPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)540202.5(b) The Rancher’s Production Possibilities Frontier0BTrade Expands the Set of Consumption PossibilitiesPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)4221(a) How Trade Increases the Farmer’s Consumption0A33A*Farmer’s consumption without tradeFarmer’s consumption with tradeTrade Expands the Set of Consumption PossibilitiesPotatoes (pounds)Meat (pounds)52.54020(b) How Trade Increases The Rancher’s Consumption0B213B*Rancher’s consumption without tradeRancher’s consumption with trade。