成本与管理会计 亨格瑞 第13版 英文版 ca07.ppt

2018/10/20,1,1,CHAPTER 7 Flexible Budgets, Direct-Cost Variances, and Management Control,2018/10/20,2,2,Controlling Costs,,Measure Actual,COMPARE Actual Vs Standard,Predetermined or Set Standard,,,Variance,,2018/10/20,3,3,Basic Concepts,Variance – difference between an actual and an expected (budgeted) amount Purpose of variance Management by exception Performance evaluation Motivate managers Prompt strategy change,2018/10/20,4,4,Basic Concepts,Management by Exception – the practice of focusing attention on areas not operating as expected (budgeted),2018/10/20,5,5,,Management by Exception,,,Direct Material,Managers focus on quantities and costs that exceed standards, a practice known as management by exception.,Type of Product Cost,Amount,,Direct Labor,,,Standard,,,,2018/10/20,6,6,Static and Flexible Budgets,Static budget Prepared for only one level of activity. It is based on the level of output planned at the start of the budget period. The master budget is an example of a static budget. Flexible budget Developed using budgeted revenues or cost amounts based on the level of output actually achieved in the budget period. Key difference is the use of the actual output level in the flexible budget.,2018/10/20,7,7,2018/10/20,8,,8,2018/10/20,9,9,Static Budget,Assume that Webb manufactures and sells jackets. Budgeted variable costs per jacket are as follows: Direct materials cost $ 60 Direct manufacturing labour 16 Variable manufacturing overhead 12 Total variable costs $88,2018/10/20,10,10,Static Budget,Budgeted selling price is $120 per jacket. Fixed manufacturing costs are expected to be $276,000 within a relevant range between 0 and 12,000 suits. Variable and fixed period costs are ignored in this example. The static budget for April 2008 is based on selling 12,000 suits. What is the static-budget operating profit?,2018/10/20,11,11,Static Budget,Revenues (12,000 × $120) $1,440,000 Less Expenses: Variable (12,000 × $88) 1,056,000 Fixed 276,000 Budgeted operating profit $ 108,000Assume that Webb produced and sold 10,000 suits at $125 each with actual variable costs of $95.01 per suit and fixed manufacturing costs of $285,000.,2018/10/20,12,12,Static Budget,What was the actual operating profit? Revenues (10,000 × $125) $1,250,000 Less Expenses: Variable (10,000 × $95.01) 950,100 Fixed 285,000 Actual operating profit $ 14,900What is the static-budget variance of operating profit?,2018/10/20,13,13,,,2018/10/20,14,14,Static-Budget Variance,A static-budget variance is :(Actual result - Budgeted amount in the static budget). A favourable (F) variance is a variance that increases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount. An unfavourable (U) variance is a variance that decreases operating profit relative to the budgeted amount.,2018/10/20,15,15,Static-Budget Variance,Level 0 analysis compares actual operating profit with budgeted operating profit. This is the highest level of analysis, a super-macro view of operating results. The Level 0 analysis is nothing more than the difference between actual and static-budget operating income Answers: “How much were we off?”Actual operating profit $ 14,900 Budgeted operating profit 108,000 Static-budget variance of operating profit $93,100 U,2018/10/20,16,16,Static-Budget Variance,Level 1 analysis provides more detailed information on the operating profit static- budget variance. Level 1 gives the user a little more information: it shows which line-items led to the total Level 0 variance. Level 1 answers the question: “Where were we off?”,2018/10/20,17,17,,2018/10/20,18,18,,,,,Hmm! Comparing static budgets with actual costs is like comparing apples and oranges.,,2018/10/20,19,19,Reasons for variance,Inaccurate forecasting of output units soldOr Webb’s performance in manufacturing and selling 10 000 jackets,2018/10/20,20,20,Flexible Budgets,Developed using budgeted revenues or cost amounts based on the actual output in the budget period. Prepared at the end of the period, once actual costs are known 3 step process,2018/10/20,21,,21,2018/10/20,22,22,Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets,Determine budgeted selling price, budgeted variable cost per unit and budgeted fixed cost. The budgeted selling price is $120, the budgeted variable cost is $88 per suit, and the budgeted fixed cost is $276,000.,2018/10/20,23,23,Steps in Developing Flexible Budgets,Step 1: Determine the actual output. In April 2008, 10,000 suits were produced and sold.Step 2: Determine the flexible budget for revenues based on budgeted selling price and actual output. $120 × 10,000 = $1,200,000,。