
四级语法辅导..doc
53页四级语法虚拟语气㈠.何谓虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或 假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实, 或与事实相反㈡.虚拟语气在条件句中的应用虚拟语气用于非真实条件句, 可表示现在, 过去或将来的情况条件从句主句同现在事实 相反一般过去时Should/would +动词原形同过去事实 相反过去完成时Should/wouldHave+过去分词同将来事实一般过去时相反或 were+不Should/would+定 式 或动词原形should+ 动词原形㈢虚拟语气用来表示条件的一些其他结构 形式1与祈使句一起用表示条件的结构形式如果条件句的谓语形式为 should +动词原形,主句往往可以采用祈使句的形式:If you should see Charles, give him my regards(请代为致意)2.与代词it 一起用表示条件的结构形式①If it were not for …作“如果没有 解,表示同现在事实相反的假想如:If it were not for your help, I should (would) in a very awkward position.含意是: You help me, so I am not in an awkward position now.②If it had not been for… 作“如果当时没 有。
解,表示与过去事实相反的假想 如:If it had not been for Dr. Smith, my father would have died of heart disease.含意是:Dr. Smith treated my father in time, so he did not die of the disease.必须注意的是,在上面两式中介词 for 不能 省略3•省略if表示条件的结构形式if 引导的条件从句含有 were, had 或 should 时,可以省略if并把主谓倒置4. If以外其它从属连词表示条件的结构形 式除 if 外,尚有若干其他连词可用来引导条件 从句, 如 unless, provided / providing (that), supposing / suppose(that), in case, so / as long as, on condition that 等on condition that = only if 或 provided that 作“在条件下”解In the event that …=ifSuppose (that) / Supposing (that) = if, 第一 式表示事实条件,第二式表示对将来之假 想。
Assuming (that) = suppose / supposingGiven that ( 假 若 ) the city authorities approve the project, we shall have new library here. 表示一个真实条件Provided (that) / providing (that) = if 或 on the condition that.注:Unless 既可引导真实条件句也可引导非真 实条件句引导真实条件句时,可为 if…not…所代替,但需要注意的是,当 unless后面接带有否定谓语动词的从句时, unless就不能为if…not…所替代,而是 表示except that… 的含义5.与并列连词 or 一起用时表示条件的结构#形式可用来表示同过去是相反的非事实条件, 如:I did not know the extent of his difficulty( 困 难程度 ), or I would have promised to help him.(=If I had known the extent of his difficulty,I would have promised to help him.)注:or表示条件时可用 or else或otherwise来强 化它的意思。
如如: I didn 'know the extent of his difficulty, or else(或 otherwise) I would have promised to help him.6.跳层式的条件结构形式 有时候,条件概念通过跳过一层以含蓄的方 式表示出来; 在一定的上下文中采用跳层式 的条件结构会使讲话或行文显得简练 跳层式的条件结构可归纳为以下两种形式:①.would+动词原形 +but接现在时陈述句:表示同现在事实相反的假想②. would have +过去分词 +but 接过去时陈 表示同过去事实相反e.g① He would gain weight but he doesn ' t eat enough.即 He would gain weight f he ate enough,表 示同现在事实相反的假想, but 后面则是一 个表示目前事实的陈述句② I would have gone with you but I was too tired.即 you 后面省略了 if I had not been tired, 表 示同过去事实相反的跳层式条件结构。
7.与介词连用表示条件时的结构形式 有时在实际应用中真实条件或非真实条件 不以条件从句形式出现, 而是通过介词短语 来表示女口: without, with, in case of=if, but for=if it were not for, in the event of, in the absence of.e.g.Helen would not be able to live without her considerate husband. (在 本 句 中 , without = if it were not for, 表示同现在相反的非真实条件)I would have failed in the examination without your help.(在本句中,without = if it had not been for,表示同过去相反的非真实 条件)㈣虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1. 用在表假设的动词 wish所引导的从句中 当动词wish表示一种不大可能实现的主观 假想时,它后面的从句用虚拟语气,用法与if从句相似即:I (we, etc.) wish +从句 + 过去时动词(verb to be用were) 表示同现在事实相反的假想.I (we, etc.) wish + 从句+过去完成时动词 (verb to be用had been) 表示同过去事 实相反的假想.应译成:巴不得……”或 要是……该有多 好啊2. 用在表示要求■建议或命令等动词所引导 的从句中在这类动词引导的宾语从句中 ,谓语动词采 取虚拟语气词 should + 动词原形这一形式 , 但 should 往往可省略 , 先把常见的这类动词 列表如下 :表示要求ask,require,request,demand,insist,deire,mai ntain.表示建议 propose,suggest,urge,advise,recommend, move表示命令command,order表示安排或决定arrange,decide关于 suggest 这字需注意的是 ,该字不做 ”建 议 ”解时 , 其宾语从句则不能采用 should + 动词原形或省去 should 直接用动词原形 (如 美式英语 )的假设语气 ,而该用陈述语气 . ㈤虚拟语气在主语从句中的应用 虚拟语气应用在主语从句中 ,通常以 it 为形 式主语 , 主要用于以下结构中 . 在这类结构中 ,should 也可保留 ,但保留不如省略那么常 见.形容词It is necessary that …It is imperative that •…It is essential that …It is important that …It is strange that …\It is natural that …It is desirable that …It is incredible that …It is advisable that…名词It is a pity that …It is a shame that …It is no wonder that …在上述一类结构中 ,主句也可采用直叙的陈 述语气,,那就只叙述事实;采用should+动词 原形这一虚拟形式则表示讲话人的情绪 .㈥虚拟语气在表语从句及同位语从句中的 应用这两类从句的虚拟语气通常用在 suggestion, proposal, order, request, plan, idea, recommendation, motion 等名词后面 :My suggestionis that Freda (should) start at once. (表语从句 )Many congressmen seconded Jefferson's motion that a special committee (should) be set up to look into the problem. (同位语从 句)㈦虚拟语气在某些否定或疑问形式动词所 引导的宾语从句中的应用expect, believe, think, suspec等动词用于否 定或疑问形式时 ,他们后面所跟的宾语从句 通常用should侑时也用could) +动词原形 这一位与形式来表示讲话者的惊奇 .惶恐 .怀疑 .不满等情绪 .I never thought that Monica should be such a sophisticated (世故 ) girl.Those foreigners just couldn't believe that the new hotel should be so big.Little did I dream that I could meet you here.㈧ 虚 拟语气 在 if only, would (that), I'd (He'd) rather, as if (though), i t is time 等结 构中的应用 .在上列结构的从句中谓语动词采用虚拟语 气,动词过去式表示一个现在有时也可表示 一个将来的愿望 ;动词过去完成时表示一个 过去的愿望 .1. If only …和 would that…句可以 I wish 代替.在口语及日常用语中用 I wish,在文学 体裁中则用If only…;和would that… Would (that) (= I wish) I were young again.(要是我能回到年轻时代该有多好啊 !)2.I'd (He 'd) rather = I would (He would)rather,作"我(他)宁愿 "解.( 1 )后面接动词原形,表示现在或将来的 一种主观愿望或选择:I' rather stay home(英式英语为 stay at hom。
