LearningStrategies学习策略-课件.pptx

Learning Strategies学科英语熊凤凤 张涵ContentsDefinition of learning strategiesClassification of learning strategiesGood language learner studiesFactors influencing choice of learning strategiesThe relationship between learning strategies and language learningLearner trainingFinal commentDefinitionbehaviors or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable (Oxford 1989)the behaviors and techniques learners adopt in their efforts to learn in a second language.( Muriel Saville-Troike 2008).Characteristicsreferring to general approaches and specific actions or teniquesbeing problem-orientatedinvolving linguistic behavior (e.g. requesting the name of an object) and non-linguistic one (e.g. pointing at an object so as to be told its name)using it both in L1 and L2learners are aware of and identify the strategiessome behavioral(observable), some mentalSome common terminologyTarone 1980production strategy: an attempt to use ones linguistic system efficiently and clearly, with a minimum of effortcommunication strategy: attempts to deal with problems of communication that have arisen in interaction.language learning strategy: an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competenceSome common terminologylanguage learning strategies: attempts to master new linguistic and sociolinguistic information about TLskill learning strategies: attempts to become skilled personSome common terminologyStern 1983strategies: general and more or less deliberate approaches to learningtechniques: observable forms of language learning behavior evident in particular areas of learning Seliger 1984strategies: basic abstract categories of processing tactics: variable and idiosyncratic learning activitiesClassificationOMalley and Chamot (1990)Metacognitive: involving attempts to regulate learning through planning, monitoring and evaluating (e.g.previewing concepts deciding in advance to attend specific aspects of input)Cognitive: involving analysis, transformation, or synthesis of learning materials (e.g. predicting inferring )Socio-affective: concerning ways in which learner interact with others (e.g. seeking opportunities to interact with native speakers)ClassificationOxford 19901.Direct memory strategies: grouping, classifyingcognitive strategies: practising, repeatingcompensation strategies: switching to mother tongue2. Indirectmetacognitive strategies, e.g. setting goals affective strategies, e.g. taking risks wiselysocial strategies, e.g. asking for clarificationClassificationPurpura 1999whether relating to comprehending processes, storing/memory processes, or using/retrieval processesCohen and Chiskillsvocabualry translationGood language learner studiesStudyLearnersMethodRubin 1975learners of mixed ages in classroom settingsObservation(video camera)Naiman et al.19781.34 graduates L2 learners(many multilingual)2. students of L2 French in grades 8,10,121. interview questionnaire(semi-directed and directed parts)2. classroom obseration schedule -not successfulRubin 1981young adults in classroom settings1. classroom obseration2. obseration of learner performance on specific language learning tasks3. unstructual self-reports4.directed self-reportGood language learner studiesReiss 1983college learners of L2questionnaire presenting 3 hypothetical learning situationsHuang and Van Naersson 198520high- and 20 low-proficiency Chinese learners of English in China1. written quesionnaire on ues of formal practice, functional practice, and monitoringReiss 1985college learners at elementary and intermediate levels (some identified as good language learners)1. general questionnaire about personality variables and learning strategies2. strategies questionnaire listing 19 strategies from which students selected the ones they used most oftenGood language learner studiesGillette 1987two beginners of L2 Spanish/ successful learners of L2 French1. extensive classroom observation2. classroom notes from one of the learners3. attitude/motivation questionnaire4.interview5. teachers commentsLennon 19894 German learning L2 English in UK1. written answers to general questionnaire2. personal interviewMajor traits of good learnersconcern for language form and also meaningconcern for communicationawareness of the learning processcapacity to use strategies flexibly in accordance with task requirementssysematic plan and particular objectivescritical self-awareness or self-efficacy Factors influencing choice of learning strategiesLeaner factors: 1) Age(Ehrman and Oxford 1989): Young children=empoly strategies in a task-specific manner Older children and adult=generalized strategies2)Motivation(Oxford and Nyikos 1989): Highly motivated learners used more strategies relating to formal practice, functional practice, general study, and conversation/input elicitation than poorly motivated learner. Learner factors 3)Learning style(Littlemore 2001):Those leaners who had a holistic cognitive style were more likely to utilize holi。