语言学概论课件(05词义).ppt

第五章第五章 词义词义河北大学人文学院HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI学习目的和要求学习目的和要求•认识认识词汇的构成词汇的构成和词义的特点和词义的特点•掌握词义的掌握词义的聚合聚合与与组合组合•词语在思想表达中的灵活运用词语在思想表达中的灵活运用 2024/9/82语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI目录目录•第一节第一节 词汇和词义词汇和词义•第二节第二节 词义的聚合词义的聚合•第三节第三节 词汇的组合词汇的组合•练习练习2024/9/83语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义第一节第一节 词汇和词义词汇和词义目录目录2024/9/84语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI一、词和词汇一、词和词汇•（一）词汇的性质（一）词汇的性质•词汇是语言的建筑材料词汇是语言的建筑材料•（二）词汇：（二）词汇：–基本词汇基本词汇ü全民常用全民常用ü稳固稳固ü有构词能力有构词能力–一般词汇一般词汇2024/9/85语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI（三）词汇的民族特点（三）词汇的民族特点•1 .1 .在一种语言里有些词在另一种语言里没有对应词在一种语言里有些词在另一种语言里没有对应词–““冬练三九，夏练三伏冬练三九，夏练三伏””：：three nine three nine ；；three fu (╳)three fu (╳)–In summer keep exercising during the hottest day, in In summer keep exercising during the hottest day, in winter do the same thing during the coldest weather. winter do the same thing during the coldest weather. –芝麻酱煮饺子芝麻酱煮饺子 ——It was packed like sardines.——It was packed like sardines.–干部干部 ——cadre ——cadre – official/functionary/administrator official/functionary/administrator– cowboy hippie motel cowboy hippie motel •2 2 在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一在两种语言里，某些词语表面上似乎指同一事物或概念，其实指的是两回事。

事物或概念，其实指的是两回事–爱人爱人≠ lover Service station ≠≠ lover Service station ≠服务站服务站 –Rest room≠Rest room≠休息室（休息室（lounge /lobbylounge /lobby）） –Busboy≠Busboy≠公共汽车上的售票员或司机公共汽车上的售票员或司机 2024/9/86语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI•3 3某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一种表达方式，而某些事物或概念在一种语言里只有一种表达方式，而在另一种语言里则有多种表达方式在另一种语言里则有多种表达方式p 总称总称 雄雄 雌雌 小小p鸡鸡 chicken cock hen chick chicken cock hen chickp鸭鸭 duck drake duck duckingduck drake duck duckingp鹅鹅 goose gander goose goslinggoose gander goose goslingp马马 horse stallion mare foalhorse stallion mare foalp牛牛 cattle bull cow calfcattle bull cow calf•4 4 某些词的基本已大致相同，但派生义区别可能很大某些词的基本已大致相同，但派生义区别可能很大p政治政治 ——politics ——politics 政治家政治家 ——politician ——politician p political activities statesman political activities statesmanp political work political work 2024/9/87语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI词和词的构成词和词的构成•1.1.词词 •2.2.词的构成词的构成 2024/9/88语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI（四）固定词组（四）固定词组•idiom idiom ：：a phrase which means a phrase which means something different from the something different from the meanings of the separate wordsmeanings of the separate words•idiomatic English idiomatic English • Tom is a real cold cat. He hardly ever flies Tom is a real cold cat. He hardly ever flies off the handle. Of course, he is getting on.off the handle. Of course, he is getting on. His His hair is pepper and salt.hair is pepper and salt. However, he knows how However, he knows how to make the best of a bad job and takes to make the best of a bad job and takes everything easy.everything easy.2024/9/89语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI英语成语的类型英语成语的类型•1.1.以动词为中心的成语以动词为中心的成语•Give---give up hear ----hear of ask---ask forGive---give up hear ----hear of ask---ask for•Get----get to put ----put up with set---set offGet----get to put ----put up with set---set off•Take---take part in Catch---catch up withTake---take part in Catch---catch up with•Make—make fun Make—make fun ofLookofLook---look down on---look down on•2.2.以名词为中心的成语以名词为中心的成语•Lucky dog queer fish cold fish Lucky dog queer fish cold fish •Sweet toothSweet tooth small potatosmall potato•3.3.其他其他2024/9/810语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI①①I’m sure he will lend me a hand.I’m sure he will lend me a hand.②②The girl was all ears in the classroom.The girl was all ears in the classroom. ③③I’m afraid he’s too tired. Can’t you see that he is I’m afraid he’s too tired. Can’t you see that he is working his head off.working his head off. ④④If you cannot guess, I’If you cannot guess, I’llll let the cat out of the bag. let the cat out of the bag. ⑤⑤She laughed in her sleeves when she heard it. She laughed in her sleeves when she heard it. ⑥⑥Hurry upHurry up。

Don’t let the grass grow under your feet.Don’t let the grass grow under your feet. ⑦⑦It was raining cats and dogs when we got out of the It was raining cats and dogs when we got out of the library.library.⑧⑧Are you waiting for the bus? You’Are you waiting for the bus? You’llll have to wait till have to wait till the cows come home because there’s an accident over the cows come home because there’s an accident over there.there. ⑨⑨He gave orders and I did the donkeywork.He gave orders and I did the donkeywork.2024/9/811语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI二、词的词汇意义二、词的词汇意义•意义意义–语法意义语法意义–词汇意义词汇意义•词义：词义：•现实现象是形成词义的基础。

现实现象是形成词义的基础义义音音象象2024/9/812语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI词义的构成词义的构成•1 .1 .词的理性意义（概念义）词的理性意义（概念义）•2.2.感情色彩感情色彩•3 3 语体色彩语体色彩• 联袂联袂 敛衽敛衽2024/9/813语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI词义的特点词义的特点•词义对现实现象的反映是一种词义对现实现象的反映是一种抽象的抽象的、、概括的概括的反映反映•概括性概括性、、模糊性模糊性和和民族性民族性•strong tea strong tea 浓茶浓茶 black coffee black coffee 清咖啡清咖啡 •洛阳亲友如相问，一片洛阳亲友如相问，一片冰心冰心在玉壶在玉壶 • 冰心冰心≠≠ice heartice heart• 冰清玉洁：冰清玉洁：clear as ice and pure as gemclear as ice and pure as gem• As pure as jade and as clear as ice As pure as jade and as clear as ice• Pure and noble Pure and noble2024/9/814语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义第二节第二节 词义的聚合词义的聚合目录目录2024/9/815语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI一、单义和多义一、单义和多义•义项：义项：•单义词：单义词：•多义词：多义词：•经济原则：经济原则：一个词兼表几个意义而不必另造新词一个词兼表几个意义而不必另造新词•本义本义•中心意义（基本义）中心意义（基本义）•派生（引申）派生（引申）–隐喻：相似。

习：数飞隐喻：相似习：数飞- -学习眼- -针眼针眼–换喻：相关换喻：相关PenPen羽毛羽毛- -钢笔汗青钢笔汗青- -史册2024/9/816语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI多义词和同音词多义词和同音词•花花–花花1 1–花花2 2•别别–别别1 1–别别2 2–别别3 3–别别4 4•同音词的应用同音词的应用2024/9/817语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI二、同义词二、同义词•等义词等义词•近义词：大同近义词：大同 小异小异2024/9/818语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI三、反义词三、反义词•极性：非此未必即彼极性：非此未必即彼•互补：非此即彼互补：非此即彼2024/9/819语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI上下位关系上下位关系•家具：桌子、椅子、课桌、板凳、马扎家具：桌子、椅子、课桌、板凳、马扎…………2024/9/820语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI部分整体关系部分整体关系•自行车：闸、铃、锁、轮、把、座自行车：闸、铃、锁、轮、把、座…………2024/9/821语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI更多关系更多关系(a) (a) 上下位关系上下位关系(b) (b) 同义关系同义关系(c) (c) 反义关系反义关系(d) (d) 对义关系对义关系(e) (e) 部件部件- -整体关系（如整体关系（如" "心心" "，，"CPU""CPU"等）等）(f) (f) 属性属性- -宿主关系（如宿主关系（如" "颜色颜色" "，，" "速度速度" "等）等）(g) (g) 材料材料- -成品关系（如成品关系（如" "布布" "，，" "面粉面粉" "等）等）(h) (h) 施事施事/ /经验者经验者/ /关系主体关系主体- -事件关系（如事件关系（如" "医生医生" "，，" "雇主雇主" "等）等）(i) (i) 受事受事/ /内容内容/ /领属物等领属物等- -事件关系（如事件关系（如" "患者患者" "，，" "雇员雇员" "等）等）(j) (j) 工具工具- -事件关系（如事件关系（如" "手表手表" "，，" "计算机计算机" "等）等）(k) (k) 场所场所- -事件关系（如事件关系（如" "银行银行" "，，" "医院医院" "等）等）(l) (l) 时间时间- -事件关系（如事件关系（如" "假日假日" "，，" "孕期孕期" "等）等）(m) (m) 值值- -属性关系（如属性关系（如" "蓝蓝" "，，" "慢慢" "等）等）(n) (n) 实体实体- -值关系（如值关系（如" "矮子矮子" "，，" "傻瓜傻瓜" "等）等）(o) (o) 事件事件- -角色关系（如角色关系（如" "购物购物" "，，" "盗墓盗墓" "等）等）(p) (p) 相关关系（如相关关系（如" "谷物谷物" "，，" "煤田煤田" "等）等） 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI更多关系：更多关系：wordnethttp://wordnet.princeton.edu/2024/9/823语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI2024/9/824语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI区别特征和义素分析区别特征和义素分析•A b A b c c•男人男人 女人女人 小孩儿小孩儿•公鸡公鸡 母鸡母鸡 小鸡小鸡•公牛公牛 母牛母牛 牛犊牛犊 •公马公马 母马母马 马驹马驹•公羊公羊 母羊母羊 羊羔羊羔2024/9/825语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI词义的聚合词义的聚合——语义场语义场2024/9/826语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义第三节第三节 词义的组合词义的组合目录目录2024/9/827语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI一、词语的搭配一、词语的搭配•词语的搭配词语的搭配–受语法规则的支配受语法规则的支配–受语义条件的限制受语义条件的限制–受使用习惯的制约受使用习惯的制约–受附加色彩和修辞效果的影响受附加色彩和修辞效果的影响•————所谓所谓遣词遣词造句，所谓造句，所谓锤炼锤炼•《近试上张水部》《近试上张水部》2024/9/828语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI二、词义和环境二、词义和环境•语境语境–广义广义–狭义狭义2024/9/829语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI三、三、“言内意外言内意外”•意境意境打起黄莺打起黄莺儿儿，莫教枝上，莫教枝上啼啼。

啼时惊妾梦，不得到辽啼时惊妾梦，不得到辽西西 —— ——金昌绪：春怨金昌绪：春怨2024/9/830语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义练习练习1.1.什么是基本词汇？基本词汇的特点是什么？基本词汇什么是基本词汇？基本词汇的特点是什么？基本词汇包含的词有哪些重要类型？包含的词有哪些重要类型？2.2.什么是一般词汇？如何区别基本词汇和一般词汇？什么是一般词汇？如何区别基本词汇和一般词汇？ 3.3.怎样理解词义的概括性？怎样理解词义的概括性？ 4.4.什么是多义词和单义词？语言中为什么会有多义词现什么是多义词和单义词？语言中为什么会有多义词现象？象？ 5.5.词义派生的条件是什么？什么是隐喻和换喻？词义派生的条件是什么？什么是隐喻和换喻？6.6.怎样理解同义词现象？怎样辨析同义词？怎样理解同义词现象？怎样辨析同义词？ 7.7.反义词有哪两种主要类型？怎样区分反义词的两种类反义词有哪两种主要类型？怎样区分反义词的两种类型？型？8.8.词义组合有些什么样的特点？词义组合有些什么样的特点？ 目录目录2024/9/831语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNIVERSITY BAODING CHINA HEBEI UNI谢谢 谢！谢！2024/9/832语言学概论讲义：第五章 词义。