《语用学常月圆》PPT课件.ppt

Pragmatics Chang Yueyuan Chang Yueyuan 11201404312024/8/42Contentsn n1 The Definition of Pragmaticsn n2 Speech Act Theoryn n3 Classifying Speech Acts n n4 Conversational Implicaturen n4.1 Cooperative Principle(CP)n n4.2 Categories of Maxims in CPn n4.3 Violation of the Maxims n n5 References1 Definition of PragmaticsnPragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.nThe study of language in use.2 Speech Act TheorynJohn Austin (1911-1960)nHow to Do Things with Words (1962)nspeech acts: actions performed via utterances2.1 Performatives and ConstativesnConstatives 叙事句 nPerformatives施为句6n nConstatives: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: n nI go to the park every Sunday.I go to the park every Sunday.n nI teach English.I teach English. 7n nPerformatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.n nPerformative verbs: name, bet, etc.8n nI I dodo. .n nI I namename this ship Queen Elizabeth. this ship Queen Elizabeth.n nI I givegive and and bequeathbequeath my my watch watch to to my my brother.brother.n nI I promisepromise to finish it in time. to finish it in time.n nI I declaredeclare the meeting open. the meeting open.n nI I warn warn you that the bull will charge.you that the bull will charge.9nFeatures of Performativesn nFirst person singular subject 第一人称单数主语第一人称单数主语第一人称单数主语第一人称单数主语n nSpeech act verbs / performative verbs:n nSimple present tense 一般现在时一般现在时n nIndicative mood 陈述语气陈述语气n nActive voice 主动态主动态10n nI promise to be there.n nI I’ ’ll be there.ll be there.n nI admit I was wrong. n nI was foolish.I was foolish.n nI thank you. n nI I’ ’m very grateful.m very grateful.n nI apologize. n nI I’ ’m sorry.m sorry.n nI order you to sit down. n nYou must sit down.You must sit down. 2.2 Illocutionary Act Theory行事行为行事行为/施为行为理论施为行为理论nSpeech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels:Level 1nA locutionary act 发话行为发话行为/言内行言内行为为: n nthe act of saying somethingin the full sense of “say”. 12Morning!Level 2 nAn illocutionary act 行事行为行事行为: n nan act performed in saying something. To say something is to do something.1314Morning!＝She offered a greeting.Level 3 nThe perlocutionary act 成事行为/取效行为nthe act preformed by or as a result of saying, the effects on the hearer.nBy saying x and doing y, I did z(the words and actions will have different effects on the hearer).Level 3 16A show of friendshipAn instance of hypocrisyORn nThe effect of the speaker’s words may be not what the speaker originally intended, but it is still a perlucutionary act performed by him or her.n nIllocutionary act is related to the speaker’s intention and perlocutionary act is not.17Briefly Locutionary act The physical action of uttering the sentence 发话行为发话行为Illocutionary act The intention of the speaker 行事行为行事行为Perlocutionary act The effects of the sentence on the hearer 取效取效/成事成事行为行为18Exercise n nCan you recognize the locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act performed by the following utterance ??19n nA wife says to her husband: “There’s no milk in the fridge.”n nLocutionary act: ???n nIllocutionary act:???n nPerlocutionary act: ???20Uttering “There is no milk in the fridge.”Making a request: husband should go out and buy some.Offering an explanation: no milk left, so I will buy some.Husband follows the request and buy some milk.Husband understands why his wife is ready to go out.Or he may suspect the reason his wife offers: is she really going out to get some milk?3 Classifying speech acts nalso made his contribution to the study of illocutionary speech acts. He specified five types of illocutionary speech acts. 21John Searle (1932- )n1)representative描述性 I guess that he has comen2)directive 指示性 Open the door!n3)commissive 承担性 I promise to love you!n4)expressive 表达性 It’s very kind of you to have thought of me.n5)declaration 宣告性 I declare the meeting open/I fire you!4 Conversational Implicature会话含义会话含义nPeople do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.nHerbert Paul Grice (1913-1988)nWilliam James lectures at Harvard in 1967nLogic and Conversation in 19754.1Cooperative Principle(CP)合作原则合作原则nCooperative Principle: Make your contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 使你所说的话, 在其所发生的阶段, 符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向4.2 Categories of Maxims in CP2526n nMaxim of Quantity:数量准则数量准则/适量准则适量准则n nMake Make your your contribution contribution as as informative informative as as required required (for the current purposes of the exchange).(for the current purposes of the exchange).n nDo Do not not make make your your contribution contribution more more informative informative than required. than required. n nMaxim of Quality:质量准则质量准则/真实准则真实准则n nDo not say what you believe to be false.Do not say what you believe to be false.n nDo Do not not say say something something if if you you lack lack adequate adequate evidence;evidence;27n nMaxim of Relation: 相关准则相关准则n nBe relative.n nMaxim of Manner: 方式准则方式准则/明晰准则明晰准则Be perspicuous.n nAvoid obscurity of expression.n nAvoid ambiguity.n nBe brief.n nBe orderly.4.3 Violation of the maxims nWhen we violate these maxims, in some situations, conversational implicature will arise.294.3 Violation of the maxims (Quantity)1. 1.Make your contribution as informative as is required. A: 昨天上街买了些什么昨天上街买了些什么?B: 就买了些东西。

就买了些东西> I don’t want to tell you what I bought.302. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Aunt: How did Jimmy do his history exam?Mother: Oh, not at all well. Teachers asked him things that happened before the poor boy was born.> Her son should not be blamed.314.3 Violation of the maxims (Quality)1. Do not say what you believe to be false. n nYou are the cream in my coffee.n nX runs as fast as a deer.n nHe is made of iron.322. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.A: Nanjing is in JiangSu, isn’t it?B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.> It’s ridiculous.334.3 Violation of the maxims (Relation)Be relevant.A: Prof. Wang is an old bag.B: Nice weather for the time of year.> I don’t want to talk about Prof. Wang.344.3 Violation of the maxims (Manner)1. Avoid obscurity of expressionA: Let’s get the kids something.B: Ok, but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.> Don’t give them chocolate.352. Avoid ambiguity 买一赠一。

买一赠一363. Be brief A: Did you get my assignment?B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles.> not satisfied.Exercise 1 n nMother: Where’s the cake?n nJimmy: Lucy was just in the kitchen. 37Maxims of Quantity and Relation ×Exercise 2 n nMan: May I know your name?n nWoman: Diana Wang. And yours?n nMan: David. David Zhang. My friends all call me Dave. I am a director in a joint venture. I’m going to New York on a business trip next week. 38Maxims of Quantity &Relation & Manner ×Exercise 3n nXiao Xiao Li Li is is a a bachelor bachelor with with a a good good job job and and a a handsome handsome income. income. Mrs. Mrs. Chen Chen is is thinking thinking of of doing doing a a match-making match-making for for him him and and a a friend’s friend’s daughter. daughter. She She has has the the following following conversation conversation with with Mrs. Mrs. Yang, Yang, a colleague of Xiao Li:a colleague of Xiao Li:n nMrs. Mrs. Chen: Chen: That That Xiao Xiao Li Li in in your your department department looks looks like a nice guy. He isn’t married yet, is he?like a nice guy. He isn’t married yet, is he?n nMrs. Mrs. Yang: Yang: Well, Well, he’s he’s from from the the countryside countryside of of Sichuan. Sichuan. He’s He’s got got five five brothers brothers and and sisters sisters and and he’s he’s the eldest. the eldest. 39Maxims of Quantity and Relation ×ReferencesnHuang, Yan. 1991 . A Neo-Gricean Pragmatics Theory of Anaphora . Journal of Pragmatics, 27, 301 -335.nMey, J. 1993. Pragmatics : An Introduction . Oxford: Blackwell.n胡壮麟 姜望琪 2002， 《语言学高级教程》（英文），北京大学出版社。

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