第四五六章小结.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第 四、五、六 章小 结,1,偏摩尔量,V,=,n,A,V,A,+,n,B,V,B,+,2,化学势,可适用于敞开系统,判断反应或相变方向,相平衡：,3,稀溶液中两个经验定律,1,）,拉乌尔定律：,2,）亨利定律：,p,B,=,k,x,B,.,x,B,p,B,=,k,b,B,.,b,B,p,B,=,k,C,，,B,.,C,B,4,理想溶液：,f,A-B,f,A-A,f,B-B,H,混,=0,V,混,=0,沸点升高,渗透压,5,稀溶液的依数性质,蒸汽压下降,凝固点降低,p,P,(CS,2,),P,(,丙酮,),p,0,1,x,(CS,2,),C,3,H,6,O(A),CS,2,(B),(,a),p,p,P,(,丙酮,),P,(,氯仿,),k,氯仿,0,1,C,3,H,6,O(A),CHCl,3,(B),(,b),x,(,氯仿,),6,真实液态混合物,理想气体：逸度,a,P,真实气体：相对逸度,a,P/P,对于理想溶液：,a,x,B,对于稀溶液的溶质：,a,x,B,、,b,B,、,C,B,对于非理想溶液：,a,B,f,B,x,B,校正后浓度,纯固态、纯液体：,a,1,7,关于活度,（标准条件下）：,-,压力商,8,化学反应等温式,-,浓度商,K,J,r,G,m,0,反应正向自发,r,G,m,=0,K,=,J,反应处于平衡状态,K,J,r,G,m,0,反应逆向自发,-,表征不可逆程度,9 ,r,G,m,计算：,r,G,m,(T),r,H,m,(T,）,T,r,S,m,(T),10,纯凝聚相分解时：,产物不止一种气体，平衡时气体的总压：,解离压力,产物只有一种气体，此气体分压为：,分解压,分解压等于外压的温度：,分解温度,-,范特荷夫方程,11,各种因素对平衡组成的影响,温度、压力、惰性气体、原料配比,C S,-,R,-,R,12 f,C-,2,克拉佩龙方程,克,克方程,13,14,水的相图,读图要点：,读懂区、线、点的含义；,相区自由度数；,会描述系统状态变化情况；,明确三相点与冰点的区别,斜率问题,t,/,O,B,A,C,0.00611,0.01,固,气,液,D,P,/10,5,Pa,374.2,221,H,2,O,的,p,t,图,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,l(A+B),C,6,H,5,CH,3,(A),C,6,H,6,(B),x,B,y,B,120,100,60,80,0.0,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,t,/,g(A+B),p,=101325Pa,x,B,=0.50,x,L,，,B,=0.41,x,2,，,B,y,G,，,B,=0.62,y,1,，,B,m,m,3,L,M,G,m,2,m,1,C,6,H,5,CH,3,(A)-C,6,H,6,(B),系统的,沸点,-,组成图,l(A+B),g(A+B),1.0,C,6,H,5,CH,3,(A),C,6,H,6,(B),y,B,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.4,0.0,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,g(A+B),t,=79.7,L,M,G,x,B,l(A+B),l(A+B),g(A+B),p,/10,2,kPa,C,6,H,5,CH,3,(A)-C,6,H,6,(B),系统的,蒸汽压,-,组成图,15,二组分理想液态混合物的气液平衡相图,杠杆规则,l(A+B),g(A+B),t,/,g(A+B),l(A+B),x,B,p,一定,A,B,g,k,l,x,B,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,t,=60,l(A+B),g(A+B),l,g,H,2,O(A),C,2,H,5,OH(B),y,B,x,B,p,/10,2,kPa,0.8,0.6,0.2,0.4,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,y,B,=0.92,x,B,=0.92,16,真实液态二组分混合物的,p-x,和,T-x,1,）正偏差，有最低恒沸点,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,g(A+B),g,l,H,2,O(A),C,2,H,5,OH(B),x,B,y,B,t,/,120,100,60,80,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,p,=101325Pa,78.15,l(A+B),x,B,=0.897,y,B,=0.897,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,l(A+B),g(A+B),CHCl,3,(A),C,3,H,6,O(B),y,B,x,B,p,/10,2,kPa,1.0,0.9,0.7,0.8,0.0,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,y,B,=0.36,x,B,=0.36,t,=55.1,l,g,l,g,P,=0.7510,5,Pa,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,l(A+B),g(A+B),CH,3,Cl(A),C,3,H,6,O(B),x,B,y,B,t,/,70,65,55,60,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,p,=101325Pa,x,B,=0.215,y,B,=0.215,g(A+B),l(A+B),64.4,2,）负偏差，有最高恒沸点,恒沸点恒沸组成（,x,B,y,B,）,恒沸混合物：,不是化合物，其组成及恒沸温度随外压而变,17,二组分系统液液平衡相图：,部分互溶,系统,0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,l(A+B),l,(A+B),l,(A+B),H,2,O(A),C,6,H,5,NH,2,(B),w,B,t,/,160,120,40,80,p,=,常数,w,B,=0.49,K,l,l,G,F,a,b,167,H,2,O(A)-C,6,H,5,NH,2,(B),系统的溶解度图,o,有最高临界会溶温度,具有最低会溶温度,质量分数,T,/K,单相,水,三乙基胺,水,-,三乙基胺的溶解度图,等压,两相,B,同时具有最高、最低会溶温度,质量分数,T,/K,单相,水,烟碱,水,-,烟碱的溶解度图,等压,两相,不具有会溶温度,l(A+B,）,E,D,C,l(A+B,）,+s,B,s(A)+l(A+B,）,s(A)+s(B),0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,邻硝基氯苯（,A),对硝基氯苯（,B),x,B,80,60,20,40,t,/,c,c,a,a,14.65,20.75,x,B,=0.229,72.27,x,B,=0.867,14.65,e,e,t,/,x,B,=0.417,28.50,14.65,x,B,=1.0,82.15,32.09,x,A,=1.0,x,B,=0.685,57.89,14.65,d,d,14.65,b,b,x,B,=0.329,14.85,邻硝基氯苯（,A)-,对硝基氯苯（,B),的系统的熔点,-,组成图,(,由热分析法绘得,),/s,t,/,/s,18,二组分系统固液平衡相图,19,水,-,盐系统的相图及应用,T,/K,固体,冰,+,溶液,溶液（单相）,。