D3 The Middle Ages.ppt

Division Three: The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages: Ancient – Middle – Modern•I. General Introduction•II. Feudalism and Church–Manor–Knighthood–Church•III. Literature•IV. ArtI. General Introduction P.91-92•Key Words:•Time Period•Germanic tribes and new Kingdoms •Society•the Christian Church•Culture 92-2Reading and Exercises•1. __________ is called the Middle Ages.•the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476) → 1500•2. In the place of the Western Roman Empire mushroomed a great many Germanic kingdoms, which grew into the nations known as ______,______,______,_______,______.•England, France, Spain, Italy, Germany•3. The western Europe at that time was the scene of ___,___,____,____.•wars, invasions, hunger, disease•4. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was _____________ and Christianity shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “_____________” .•the Christian Church / Age of FaithII. 1. Feudalism 封建制度•a. definition•1). a system of land holding in exchange for military service•“feudalism” ← “feudum”: the Latin: a grant of land•Why was land granted?•P. 92 ↑Para.1 – •2). also a system of government – a form of local and decentralized government P. 93-2-L6 b. The Manor p.93•What is the manor?•1. The centre of medieval life under feudalism•2. Manors were founded on the fiefs封地 of the lords•领地,庄园•At the centre of the manor stood the church.feudal manorsthe 12th C.castlesDover Castle / the 11th centuryKrak des Chevaliers / the 12th century / fortress / in the Middle EastBodiam Castle / the 14th century / Sussex 苏塞克斯, England / a moat 护城河c. Knighthoodc. Knighthood p.94•knighthood to be earned•7: a page 差童 – 14: a squire / assistant to a knight 护卫 – dubbing分封: a knight•code of chivalry•to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birthThe Training: Mock Battles - Tournaments•late 13th / early 14th century knights •a joust [dʒaust]•马上长枪比武 •armorhelmetII. 2. The Church p.95-1•after 1054→the division of the Church: –The Roman Catholic Church 天主教–The Eastern Orthodox Church 东正教•the official language: Latin----------------------------------------------------•a. the organization of Church: p.96POPE(supreme head)Archbishops(province大教区)Bishops(diocese主教教区)Priests(parish教区)LAY MEMBERS OF CATHOLIC CHURCHCOLLEGE OFCARDINALS红衣主教团1.elected pope2.served as advisors3.next in power to popeRELIGIOUSORDERS1.military monastic2.lived in monasteries (abbeys修道院) governed by abbots修道院院长b. “Father of the Church” 96↑1•St. Jerome•the most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible•the Vulgate edition•the official Latin Bible of the Roman Catholic churchb. “Father of the Church”•Augustine of Hippo•the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought•“The Confession” / “The City of God”(Rome)b. “Father of the Church”•St. Benedict•Benedict Rule 529 A.D. (97-4-4)•monasticism •修道运动/禁欲主义c. The Catholic Church p.98•social classes: 3•clergy 牧师 / lords / peasants•the ruling class:•kings, nobles and church officials•the only literate section: •clergymen•the fund of the church:•taxes + donation from nobles and kings•The Pope 98↑L7c. The Catholic Church p.99•religious life:•´sacraments 圣礼，圣事：•baptism, marriage, Fridays, Sundays, holy communion圣餐礼II. 3. The CrusadesThe Crusades十字军东侵十字军东侵 p.99•Cause: •1071 Palestine → the Turkish Moslems → persecution and slavery•Crusades•holy wars conducted by the Western European Christians to retake the Holy Land – Jerusalem from the Muslims•200 years / the Moslems wonIV. Literature 105•1. National Epics •in vernacular languages•Anglo-Saxon:•Beowulf (700-750 A.D.), (the monster Grendel )•France: 111•Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland), (about 12 century A.D.)罗兰之歌III. Literature•2. Poetry 118•Italy: •Dante Alighieri 但丁(1265-1321) / The Divine Comedy神曲: the greatest Christian poem•England: 123•Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) / The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集 – the first short story teller and the first modern poet of BritainIV. Art - Architecture p.126•1. Romanesque罗马风格•“in the Roman manner”•the 11th and 12th centuries•the feature:•religious: biblical figures and stories•1). architecture: churches•2). sculpture and paintingThe Abbey of Sénanque, France ? characteristics1). architecture: churches p.126•massiveness 巨大宏伟•solidity 坚固: thick walls•monumentality 纪念碑式•simplicity 简约: round vault•2). sculpture•Last Judgment•Church of Saint-Pierre ca. 1140. •standing prophet, Moissac•Priory Church of Saint-Pierre, ca. 1115–303). Painting – fresco 壁画 •The Temptation of ChristJesus and 12 disciplesQ: Which one is Romanesque Style?IV. Art – 2. Gothic p.127•the mid-12th C. → France•the end of 15th C. → western Europe•Gothic Architecture–churches / cathedrals•? characteristics1. the pointed arch尖顶拱2. the flying buttress飞扶壁飞扶壁3. stained glass: the splendor of the True Light4. Ribbed VaultMilan Cathedral, ItalyA Typical Example: Notre Dame de Paris:the might of GodSummary: Main PointsSummary: Main Points•History: time period / Germanic tribes and new Kingdoms•Feudalism: Manor / Knighthood / the organization of Church•Literature: Dante / Geoffrey Chaucer •Architecture: GothicNext Lesson•Division 4 •Renaissance and Reformation•I. General Introdution (p.129-130)•II. 2. The Rise of Humanism (p.131-132)•4. Renaissance Art (p.135-136)•III. Reformation and Counter-Reformation (p.143-144)•2. Martin Luther (p.145-146)•4. Reformation in England (p.147-149)。