英国一些历史事件.ppt

British history: a major historical eventUK about 5 years of history. Major historical events:"Great Charter" (Magna Carta / Great Chart) In 1215 by John King (King John) to sign. The main content is to protect the rights of nobility against the king's violation. Its main spirit is to limit the royal power. Positive is that it protect certain rights of city residents, first class to the public as a political force that must be considered. This incident reflects the struggle against the feudal nobility and the king. 英国约有５千年历史。

重大历史事件有：《大宪章》（Magna Carta／Great Chart） 　　于1215年由约翰王 （King John）签署其主要内容是保护贵族权利，免受国王的侵犯其主要精神是限制王权积极意义在于，它保障城市市民的若干权利，初次把市民阶层作为一种必须考虑的政治力量这一事件体现了封建贵族与国王的斗争英法百年战争Hundred Years War (The Hundred Years''War) Hundred Years War (The Hundred Years''War) 14 of the fourth century, the French have not yet unified. Britain holds a number of territories in France. In order to further expansion in the mainland UK on the land grab was an important wool processing industry developed the most important cities Flanders Wilders, excuse the French throne, set off from 1337 to 1453's "Hundred Years War." War, the heavy taxation and frequent military service and high prices make the public discontent to culmination. Finally the British defeat, the loss of territory on the European continent, feudal lords and businessmen have suffered losses, severely weakened the feudal rule of the British.（The Hundred Years'' War）  14四世纪时，法国尚未统一。

英国在法国占有一些领地英国为了进一步扩张在大陆上的土地，抢夺当时重要的羊毛加工业发达的重要城市佛兰得尔， 借口继承法国王位，掀起了从１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年战争” 战争带来的沉重租税，频繁兵役和高涨的物价使民众不满情绪达到极点最后英军失败，欧洲大陆上领土丧失，封建主和商人也遭受损失，严重地削弱了英国的封建统治vv 1348, the Black Death swept 1348, the Black Death swept through Europe (a plague), killed almost through Europe (a plague), killed almost half the British population, leading to half the British population, leading to labor shortages, rising food prices, but labor shortages, rising food prices, but King Edward III was enacted in 1394, King Edward III was enacted in 1394, Royal Decree, the provisions of workers Royal Decree, the provisions of workers remaining on the Black Death before remaining on the Black Death before the wage employment. 1351, Parliament the wage employment. 1351, Parliament has developed "Labour Act", provides has developed "Labour Act", provides for destruction of the Employment Act for destruction of the Employment Act to imprison those who wear yoga, class to imprison those who wear yoga, class relations have become increasingly relations have become increasingly acute.acute.vBlack Death　　黑黑死死病病（（B Bl la ac ck k   D De ea at th h））   　　　　1 13 34 48 8年年，，横横扫扫欧欧洲洲的的黑黑死死病病（（一一种种鼠鼠疫疫）），，几几乎乎夺夺去去了了英英国国人人口口的的一一半半，，导导致致劳劳动动力力缺缺乏乏，，粮粮价价上上涨涨，，但但国国王王爱爱德德华华三三世世却却于于１１３３９９４４年年颁颁布布敕敕令令，，规规定定工工人人仍仍按按黑黑死死病病前前的的工工资资受受雇雇。

１１３３５５１１年年，，议议会会又又制制订订《《劳劳工工法法案案》》，，规规定定对对破破坏坏雇雇佣佣法法令令者者戴戴枷枷下下狱狱，，阶阶级级关关系系日日益益尖尖锐锐The  Reformation 宗教改革Reformation (The Reformation) 14th century British urban and rural intensification of conflicts, there has been reform of the church movement. Oxford University Divinity School professor John Wycliffe (John Wycliffe) and some other priests made the people meet the requirements of the lower church of the advocate of reform, such as the taxes levied against the Church, denied the cleric special status, such as elimination of the feudal aristocracy, for the uprising for Taylor the mental 　１４世纪英国城乡矛盾激化，出现了改革教会运动。

牛津大学神学院教授约翰·威克利夫（ John Wycliffe ）  及其他一些教士提出了符合下层人民要求的改革教会的主张，如反对教会征收捐税、否认教士特殊地位、消灭封建贵族等，为泰勒起义作了思想准备Taylor uprising (Tyler''s Revolt) May 1381, as opposed to tax increases, the South East took place in mason watts. Taylor (Wat Tyler) as leader of peasant uprising. June 13, armed uprising occupation force in London, King Richard II was forced to negotiate with the farmers. Although the uprising eventually failed, but a great blow to the feudal system.　　泰勒起义（ Tyler''s Revolt ）  　　１３８１年５月，为反对增加税收，英国东南部发生了以泥瓦匠瓦特．泰勒(Wat Tyler) 为领袖的农民起义。

６月１３日，起义武装队伍占领伦敦，国王理查德二世被迫与农民谈判虽起义终告失败，但已给封建制度很大打击 Wars of the Roses (the Wars of the Roses) The mid-15th century, northern England, the two big feudal aristocracy, that of Lancaster (House of Lancaster) and the York family (House of York) since between 1455 to 1485 for 30-year fight for the right to rule war. War, Lancaster to sign with a red rose for the family, family to the White Rose of York as the family sign, the history of the war as "Wars of the Roses." Outcome of the war, neither side gains for the emerging bourgeoisie paved the way for th e stage of history.玫瑰战争　玫瑰战争（ the Wars of the Roses ）　　１５世纪中叶，英格兰北部的两个大封建贵族，即兰开斯特家族（ House of Lancaster ）和约克家族(House of York) 之间进行了自1455年到1485年持续３０年的争夺统治权的战争。

战争中，兰开斯特家族以带红玫瑰为族征，约克家族以白玫瑰为族征，史称这次战争为“玫瑰战争”战争的结果是两败俱伤，为新兴资产阶级登上历史舞台铺平了道路Industrial revolution (Industrial Revolution) Handicraft workshops that stage from capitalism transition to the capitalist factory system with the machine's history. The invention of machinery, the factory system of production marked the beginning of the industrial revolution, the mechanization of the machine manufacturing industry, marking the completion of the industrial revolution. Britain's Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, 60s, 30-40 years completed in the 19th century, before and after seven or eight years. 　　工业革命（ Industrial Revolution ）　　指从资本主义的工场手工业阶段过渡到采用机器的资本主义工厂制度的历史过程。

机器的发明，工厂制度的产生标志着工业革命的开始，机器制造业的机械化，标志着工业革命的完成英国的工业革命开始于１８世纪６０年代，完成于１９世纪３０、４０年代，前后共七、八十年（（The Hundred Years'' WarThe Hundred Years'' War））14 of the fourth century, the French have not yet unified. Britain holds a number of territories in France. In order to further expansion in the mainland UK on the land grab was an important wool processing industry developed the most important cities Flanders Wilders, excuse the French throne, set off from 1337 to 1453's "Hundred Years War." War, the heavy taxation and frequent military service and high prices make the public discontent to culmination. Finally the British defeat, the loss of territory on the European continent, feudal lords and businessmen have suffered losses, severely weakened the feudal rule of the British.Hundred Years War　14四世纪时，法国尚未统一。

英国在法国占有一些领地英国为了进一步扩张在大陆上的土地，抢夺当时重要的羊毛加工业发达的重要城市佛兰得尔， 借口继承法国王位，掀起了从１３３７年至１４５３年的“英法百年战争” 战争带来的沉重租税，频繁兵役和高涨的物价使民众不满情绪达到极点最后英军失败，欧洲大陆上领土丧失，封建主和商人也遭受损失，严重地削弱了英国的封建统治(A) StageBetween 1337 ─ 1360, the Anglo-French competition for Flanders and Keane. 1340, the British defeated the French at the Battle Silv Si won the sea, crossing the French invasion of control. August 1346, the British before the Battle of Crécy victory on land, and then laid siege to the French to Saijia Lai Hai Phong Port, 11 months after the successful occupation. Then again in the Battle of Neville's Cross local beat Scotland's invasion, pro-law captured the Scottish King David II and greatly reduce its threat. 1348, the Black Death swept across Europe, the two cease-fire years. 1356 England attacked again and won the Keith and Gascogne in southwest France. Then at the Battle of Poitiers in the same tactics to win again. France, the British royal family is subjected to exacting national economic collapse, such as internal and external civilian uprising against torture, the situation is very unfavorable. 1360 in Bretigny, France was forced to sign unequal Buledingni peace, to cede the Loire to the south of the Pyrenees all the territory (A) Stage（一）第一阶段（一）第一阶段1337年─1360年之间，英法争夺佛兰德斯和基恩。

1340年，英军在斯吕斯海战打败法军，夺得制海权，防制法军渡海入侵1346年 8月，英军先于陆上的克雷西会战大胜，再围攻法国海防要塞加莱港，11 个月后成功占领接着又于本土的内维尔十字之战打败苏格兰入侵，擒获亲法的苏格兰王大卫二世，大大减少其威胁　(B) Phase　(B) PhaseBetween 1360 ─ 1400, King Charles V launched revenge, desire to take back occupied territory. He reorganized the army to replace most of the employment of infantry cavalry, the establishment of field artillery, rebuild the navy. His internal reforms, consolidation tax regime, in order to pacify the people. The time is ripe, he appointed Bertrand • Du • Guesclin command the army, and guerrilla tactics of surprise attacks by British forces defeated the British in many battles. 1380, British troops had retreated to the coastal area. King worried about losing all the territories, is the signing of the Armistice Agreement with France, retaining only Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg, Calais five harbor, and between Bordeaux and Bayonne parts. 　1348年，黑死病横扫整个欧洲，两国停战十年。

1356年，英格兰再度进攻，夺取法国西南部的基思和加斯科涅随即在普瓦捷战役以相同战术再次获胜法国王室则承受英军横征暴敛、国家经济崩溃、平民起义反抗等内外煎熬，情势非常不利1360年于布雷蒂尼，法国被迫签订极不平等的布勒丁尼和约，割让出卢瓦尔河以南至比利牛斯山脉的全部领土（二）第二阶段（二）第二阶段1360年─1400年之间，法王查理五世展开报仇，欲夺回被侵占的领土他重组军队，以雇佣步兵取代大部份的骑兵、建立野战炮兵、重建海军他改革内政，整顿税制，以安抚民心时机成熟后，他任命贝特朗·杜·盖克兰统领军队，以突袭和游击战术攻击英军，在多场战役大败英军1380年，英军已退守沿海区域英王担心丢失全部领地，乃与法国签署停战协定，仅保留波尔多、巴约纳、布雷斯特、瑟堡、加莱五个海港，和波尔多与巴约纳间的部份地区　 (C) The third stage Between 1415 ─ 1429, France Burgundy, Amanyake factions quarreled, members of the public uprising against the peasants, England took the opportunity to restart a war. 1415, the British defeated the French at the Battle of Agincourt, and then form an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, captured most parts of northern France. King Charles VI unable to resist, on May 21, 1420 in Troyes in Troyes peace treaty signed almost perished. King Henry V became regent of France, the right to inherit the French throne after the death of Charles VI. France, Britain and France have become part of the United Kingdom. However, the British and French of Henry V and Charles VI has passed away in 1422 the same year. Both the new King Henry VI and Charles VII of France to fight for the throne, re-exchange of fire. The fourth phase of the Hundred Years War. （三）第三阶段（三）第三阶段 1415年─1429年之间，法国勃艮地、阿曼雅克两派发生内讧，农民市民也起义反抗，英格兰借机重启战端。

1415年，英军于阿金库尔战役 大败法军，再与勃艮地公爵结盟，攻占法国北部大多数地区法王查理六世无力抵抗，于 1420年 5月21日在特鲁瓦签订几乎亡国的特鲁瓦和约英王亨利五世成为法国摄政王，有权承继查理六世死后的法国王位法国已沦为英法联合王国的一部分然而，英法的亨利五世和查理六世却于 1422年同年去逝两方新王亨利六世和查理七世为争夺法国王位，再度交火百年战争进入第四阶段(D) Fourth stage Between 1429 ─ 1453, the French people unbearable British oppression, the parties have resistance, the guerrillas often capture the tax collectors in England, containing the British force to help the French much. October 1428, British troops and surrounded the camp of Burgundy Orleans, the French serious disadvantage. France, eulogized at this time later, a savior appeared Joan of Arc, the French command in May 1429 beating England, Orleans rescue, won a major victory, reversing the whole war situation. 19-year-old Joan of Arc was soon caught by the British Army, 1431 to witch executed the crime. This sparked national outrage in France, help to make a big French counterattack. In 1437, the French capital of Paris recovery. 1441, Champagne region recover. 1450, Mann and the liberation of Normandy. 1453, back guyenne. October 19, 1453, the British surrender of Bordeaux, France to recover all the territories except Calais. 1558, the French captured Calais, England lost the last city in continental Europe, the end of the Hundred Years War. （四）第四阶段（四）第四阶段1429年─1453年之间，法国人民不堪英军压迫，各方纷纷反抗，游击队经常捉拿英格兰的征税者，牵制英军部队，帮助法军很大。

1428年 10月，英军和勃艮地派包 围了奥尔良，法军严重不利此时法国出现一位传颂后世的救星圣女贞德,v才19岁的圣女贞德不久便被英军捉住，1431年以女巫罪处死这激起法国的民族义愤，助使法军作出大反攻1437年，法军光复首都巴黎1441年，收复香槟地区1450年，解放曼恩和诺曼底1453年，夺回吉耶讷1453年 10月19日，波尔多的英军投降，法国收复加莱除外的全部领土1558年，法军攻陷加莱，英格兰失去在欧洲大陆最后一个城市，百年战争结束v"Hundred Years War" affectvvH Hu un nd dr re ed d   Y Ye ea ar rs s   WWa ar r, ,   b bo ot th h   t th he e   B Br ri it ti is sh h   o or r   F Fr re en nc ch h   p pe eo op pl le e, ,   a a   d di is sa as st te er r, ,   t th he en n   i it t   i is s   t th he e   e er ra a   o of f   t th he e   B Bl la ac ck k   D De ea at th h   e ep pi id de emmi ic c   i in n   t th he e   d do ou ub bl le e   b bl lo ow w   o of f   w wa ar r   a an nd d   d di is se ea as se e, ,   t th he e   B Br ri it ti is sh h   a an nd d   F Fr re en nc ch h   s se ev ve er re e   d da amma ag ge e   t to o   t th he e   e ec co on no ommy y, ,   h ha ar rd d   t ti imme es s. .   H Ha ad d   a a   WWe es st te er rn n   h hi is st to or ri ia an n   n no ot te ed d: :   " "H Hu un nd dr re ed d   Y Ye ea ar rs s   WWa ar r   i is s   a a   c co on nt ti in nu uo ou us s   g ga amme e   c ce en nt tu ur ri ie es s   o of f   mma as ss sa ac cr re es s. .   WWh he en n   t th he e   t tw wo o   r ro oy ya al l   a an nd d   n no ob bl le e   f fo or r   t th he ei ir r   o ow wn n   i in nt te er re es st ts s   b by y   w wi in nn ni in ng g   c ce el le eb br ra at ti io on n, ,   t th ho os se e   w wh ho o   l lo os st t   t th he ei ir r   h ho omme es s   a an nd d   l lo ov ve ed d   o on ne es s   o of f   i in nn no oc ce en nt t   c ci iv vi il li ia an ns s   a ar re e   c ca an n   o on nl ly y   w we ee ep p   s si il le en nt tl ly y. .   t th he e   w wa ar r   f fo ou ug gh ht t   a a   c ce en nt tu ur ry y   a ag go o, ,   p pe eo op pl le e   s st ta ar rt te ed d   t to o   c cr ry y   a a   h hu un nd dr re ed d   y ye ea ar rs s. .   " "T Th hi is s   s st ta at te emme en nt t   c ca an n   b be e   s sa ai id d   s sh ha ar rp pl ly y, ,   h hi it t   t th he e   n na ai il l   c cr ru ue el l   w wa ar r. .   B Be ec ca au us se e   t th he e   w wa ar r   i is s   c co on nd du uc ct te ed d   o on n   t th he e   l la an nd d   i in n   F Fr ra an nc ce e, ,   t th he e   F Fr re en nc ch h   b be ec ca amme e   d de ev va as st ta at te ed d, ,   a an nd d   mma an ny y   p pe eo op pl le e   h ho omme el le es ss s, ,   b bu ut t   a al ls so o   b be ec ca au us se e   o of f   t th he e   w wa ar r   i in n   F Fr ra an nc ce e   f fi in ni is sh he ed d   l la as st t   i in n   t th he e   n na at ti io on n''s s   r re eu un ni if fi ic ca at ti io on n   c ca au us se e   a an nd d   i it ts s   f fu ut tu ur re e   l la ay y   the foundation for the expansion of the European continent . Britain after the Hundred Years War not only nothing, it lost almost all territories in France, the result to abandon its system of hegemony attempt mainland, turned to the sea development, and thus embarked on a maritime empire of the road ... ... the result of the war: the United Kingdom were driven out of France blessing for both countries: If the British people to stay in France, then French territory and in the preponderance of wealth will inevitably hinder the development of a separate English national; the French nation occupied by foreign forces many of the territory, the development of long-term disruption.“ “百年战争百年战争” ”影响影响　　百年战争，不论对英国或法国人民来说都是一场灾难，当时又是黑死病流行的时代，在战争和疫病的双重打击下，英法两国的经济大受创伤，民不聊生。

曾有一位西方历史学家指出：“百年战争是一场持续百年的屠杀游戏当两国的皇族及贵族为了自己所夺得的利益而庆祝的时候，那些痛失家园及亲人的无辜平民却只能在无声地痛哭战争打了一百年，人民也哭了一百年这种说法可谓一针见血，一语道破了这场战争的残酷因为这场战争是在法国的土地上进行的，法国变得满目疮痍，很多人民无家可归，但法国最后亦因为这场战争完成了民族的统一大业，为其日后在欧洲大陆的扩张打下基础英国在百年战争后不但一无所获，还丧失了几乎所有在法国的领地，结果迫使其放弃大陆制霸的企图，转而向海上发展，从而走上了海上帝国的道路……战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍分离的英国民族的发展；而法国民族被外国势力占领了众多的领土，发展更是长期受阻库米尔战役纪念碑"Hundred Years War" statusHundred Years War (Hundred Years' War) refers to the United Kingdom and France, and later joined Burgundy, in 1337 years - in 1453 the war between the world's longest war, on and off for as long as 116 years, hundred years war developed many new tactics and weapons.When the war began, the two countries mainly in Western Europe, the original noble manpower system, the army raised by Lord, have served time for consideration. This cross-sea expedition to England very negative, so instead of recruiting more people from the lower mercenaries, combined with well-known long-Archer tactics. France lost the war situation forced the beginning, the integration must be expanded royal power to ward off foreign invaders. So when the war ended, the two sides have embarked on a centralized way. “ “百年战争百年战争” ”地位地位　百年战争百年战争(Hundred Years' War)是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年 - 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年，百年战争中，发展出不少新战术和武器。

　战争开始时，两国主要以西欧原来的贵族兵贵族兵源制源制，由各领主募集军队，有服役时间考量这对跨海远征的英格兰很不利，于是转而招募更多来自下层人民的雇佣兵，并配合以有名的长弓兵战术法国则迫于初期战局失利，必须扩张王室统合权力以抵挡外敌因此在战争结束时，双方都已走上中央集权的道路When the war began, the two countries mainly in Western Europe, the original noble manpower system, the army raised by Lord, have served time for consideration. This cross-sea expedition to England very negative, so instead of recruiting more people from the lower mercenaries, combined with well-known long-Archer tactics. France lost the war situation forced the beginning, the integration must be expanded royal power to ward off foreign invaders. So when the war ended, the two sides have embarked on a centralized way. England victorious in several battles, a serious challenge to the Western European aristocratic cavalry's military dominance. After the war, the victory of France still retains many of the traditional heavy cavalry, but cavalry, infantry can defeat the idea has been around for four, rising from the importance of infantry, cavalry, ultimately, disappear.Beginning of the war, the French war in conferences have a positive impact on use of heavy cavalry, to the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, has been part of the cavalry to dismount competitors imitate the fighting on foot, indicating the role of cavalry and infantry of the battlefield has changed dramatically. French by origin, Joan of Arc by the civilian morale of final victory, but also highlight the Cavaliers dominated the French nobility in defeat after defeat in war, identifies the noble knight class features of recession and the rise of ethnic war. 英格兰在数次战役得胜，严重挑战了西欧贵族骑兵的军事垄断地位。

战后，胜利的法国仍保留许多重骑兵传统，但步步兵兵能能够够打打败败骑骑兵兵的思想已经流传四方，步兵的重要性从此不断提升，骑兵最终则消失了战争初期，法国在各次大会战都使用重骑兵正面冲击，到了 1415 年的阿金库尔战役，已模仿对手让部分骑兵下马徒步战斗，这说明骑兵步兵的战场角色已大幅改变法国借由平民出身的圣圣女女贞贞德德鼓舞士气取得最后胜利，更突显骑士贵族为主的法军于战争中屡屡失败，标识出贵族骑士阶层的衰退和民族战争特性的兴起双方的武器装备也有很多演进如何设计和应用攻城武器，对战事发展有重大份量战争后期，法军领先英格兰以大规模的火药及火炮取得多项胜利，战争型态由此翻新锁子甲在欧洲已超过千年历史战争初期，它仍是最好的护身装备但中后期的贵族骑士已普遍使用新创的板甲，防护力大为增进1513 年的 Flodden 战役，　　百年战争，不论对英国或法国人民来说都是一场灾难，当时又是黑死病流行的时代，在战争和疫病的双重打击下，英法两国的经济大受创伤，民不聊生曾有一位西方历史学家指出：“百年战争是一场持续百年的屠杀游戏当两国的皇族及贵族为了自己所夺得的利益而庆祝的时候，那些痛失家园及亲人的无辜平民却只能在无声地痛哭。

战争打了一百年，人民也哭了一百年这种说法可谓一针见血，一语道破了这场战争的残酷因为这场战争是在法国的土地上进行的，法国变得满目疮痍，很多人民无家可归，但法国最后亦因为这场战争完成了民族的统一大业，为其日后在欧洲大陆的扩张打下基础英国在百年战争后不但一无所获，还丧失了几乎所有在法国的领地，结果迫使其放弃大陆制霸的企图，转而向海上发展，从而走上了海上帝国的道路……战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍分离的英国民族的发展；而法国民族被外国势力占领了众多的领土，发展更是长期受阻库米尔战役纪念碑谢谢观赏！。