化工专业英语教材翻译.pdf

Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业Before reading the text below,try to answer following question:I.When did the modern chemical industry start?2.Can you give a definition for the chemical industry?3.What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made tomeet and satisfy our needs?4.Is the chemical industry capital-or labor-intensive?Why?1.Or igins of the ChemicaI IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations,the evolution of what we know as themodern chemical industry started much more recently.It may be considered to have begun during the IndustrialRevolution,about 1800,and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.Examples are alkalifor soapmaking,bleaching powder for cotton,and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.It will be notedthat these are all inorganic chemicals.The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitationof William Henry Perkins discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff-mauve.At the start of the twentieth centurythe emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely,and by1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75%of the world market in chemicals.This wasbased on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid andthe Haber process for ammonia.The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able tocarry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time.The experience gainedwith this was to stand Germany in good stead,particularly with the rapidly increased demand fornitrogen-based compounds(ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture)with theoutbreak of world war I in 1914.This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years(1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。

可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及N a 2 c 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin发现第一种合成染料苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到 1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)date bake to/from:回溯到dated:过时的，陈旧的stand sb.in good stead:对 很有帮助Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate,although this has slowed significantly inrecent years.The lions share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the developmentand growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s.The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene,polypropylene,nylon,polyesters and epoxy resins.1940年以来，化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。

尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry,within which it plays acentral role.It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as endor consumer products.These products are purchased because they have the required properties which makethem suitable for some particular application,e.g.a non-stick coating for pans or a weedkiller.Thus chemicalsare ultimately sold for the effects that they produce.今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门，并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。

它生产了数千种不同的化学产品，而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合(人们)的一些特别的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的2.Definition of the Chemical IndustryAt the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemicalindustry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals,e.g.,alkali,sulphuric acid.At present,however,many intermediates to products produced,from raw materials likecrude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumergoods,or readily converted into them.The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence theparticular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities.To consider a specificexample to illustrate this dilemma,emulsion paints may contain poly(vinyl chloride)/poly(vinyl acetate).Clearly,synthesis of vinyl chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization are chemical activities.However,ifformulation and mixing of the paint,including the polymer,is carried out by a branch of the multinationalchemical company which manufactured the ingredients,is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mowbelong in the decorating industry?2.化学工业的定义在本世纪初，要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的，因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化学品，例如，烧碱，硫酸。

然而现在有数千种化学产品被生产，从一些原料物质像用于制备许多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作为消费品或很容易转化为消费品的商品困难在于如何决定在一些特殊的生产过程中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范畴举一个特殊的例子来描述一下这种困境乳剂漆含有聚氯乙烯/聚醋酸乙烯显然，氯乙烯(或醋酸乙烯)的合成以及聚合是化学活动然而，如果这种漆，包括高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨国。