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初中语法复习-精挑细讲中考必备.doc

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    • 初中语法复习-精挑细讲Ⅰ 词类 词类 英语名称 意 义 例 词 名词 The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或事物的名称 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train 冠词 The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a, an, the 代词 The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词 They, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词 The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 数词 The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词 The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态 Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副词 The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介词 The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for 连词 The Conjunction (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 And, or, but, so, because 感叹词 The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear (一) 名词: 专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。

      如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 1.名词 个体名词:表示单个的人或事物如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可数名词 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称如 family, people, class, police . 普通名词 物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词 2.名词的数可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数 3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化 (二)冠词 1.定冠词-the . ○1 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物The students are very good. ○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物Where is the toilet ? ○3 重复提到上文的人或事物I have a cat , the cat is white and black . ○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。

      The moon moves around the earth . ○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . ○6 洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the I like playing the piano / violin . ○7 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人We should help the poor . 但play Erhu. ○8 放在某些专有名词前We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the People’s Republic of China . ○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人The Whites are watching TV . ○10 固定词组中In the morning / afternoon / evening . 2.不定冠词-a / an . ○1 指人或事物的某一种类A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. ○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。

      Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen. ○3 指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory. ○4 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo. 3.零冠词 ○1 泛指人类或男女Man will conquer nature . ○2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词Knowledge begins with practice . ○3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词We had better send him to hospital at once. ○4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist. ○5 在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. ○6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。

      September 10th is Teachers’ Day. ○7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor. ○8 在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词This is his book. I can speak English . ○9 不用冠词的惯用语At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等 (三)形容词 1.形容词的构成 ○1 简单形容词由一个单词构成Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping . ○2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking. 2.形容词的用法 ○1 修饰名词作定语。

      She is a beautiful girl . ○2 作表语He is very strong. ○3 作宾语补足语Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean . ○4 “定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语We should speak to the old politely. ○5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语如:asleep, ill, awake 等 ○6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语如:many, little, wooden, golden 等 3.形容词的位置 ○1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面A heavy box. ○2 与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面3 metres long. 12 kilometers away . ○3 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时,可以放在这些词之后 Something important . nothing serious . ○4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列: 冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave, beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。

      My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables . 4.形容词的比较级和最高级一般加 er / est ,不规则见表) ○1 原级的用法:“……和……相同” A. 肯定句:A + 动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B . He is as tall as me . B. 否定句:A… + not as +形容词原级 + as + B (即A 不如 B 那么…) A… + not so +形容词原级 + as + B = A…+ less + 形容词原级+than + B . ○2 比较级的用法: A. A + 动词 + 形容词的比较级 + than + B . (A 比B 更… ,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰,表示“…得多”,“甚至…”,“更…”,“…一点儿” B. “比较级 + and + 比较级”、 “more and more + 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越…”。

      ○3 最高级的用法:(个体用-of ,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the) A. 三种最高级表示法 最高级:Shanghai is the largest city in China . 比较级:Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China . 原级: No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China . (四) 副词 1.副词的种类: ○1 时间副词:often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now … ○2 地点副词:here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere … ○3 方式副词:hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully … ○4 程度副词:very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough … ○5 疑问副词:how, when, where, why … ○6 关系副词:。

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