摘要部分的语言特点.ppt

摘要部分的语言特点摘要部分的语言特点1. 摘要中动词语态与人称代词的应用摘要中动词语态与人称代词的应用2. 摘要各部分时态的应用摘要各部分时态的应用3. 摘要中平行结构的应用摘要中平行结构的应用4. 摘要中倒装的应用摘要中倒装的应用5. 摘要中省略形式的应用摘要中省略形式的应用6. 关键词关键词1. 摘要中动词语态与人称代词的应用摘要中动词语态与人称代词的应用 国际ISO214-1976(E)《文献工作---供出版及文献处理的文摘》中指出：“尽量采用主动语态，尽量采用主动语态，因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力的表因为主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及有力的表达达然而，在指示性以及报道性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，也需被动态动词被动态动词• 标准强调：“除非采用第一人称可避免语句除非采用第一人称可避免语句结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解，一般采用第三人称结构繁琐累赘而更易于理解，一般采用第三人称• 在人称代词与动词语态方面，医学论文摘要在人称代词与动词语态方面，医学论文摘要常见以下表达方式：常见以下表达方式：（（1）在英文摘要中，编者、著作者，无论单、）在英文摘要中，编者、著作者，无论单、复数，常用复数第一人称复数，常用复数第一人称we,以避免文字冗以避免文字冗长及动词与动作执行者之间的关系表达不长及动词与动作执行者之间的关系表达不清。

谓语用主动语态谓语用主动语态•我们报道了一例肾盂淀粉样变性与两例膀胱淀粉样变性，并讨论了淀粉样蛋白形成的免疫学及淀粉样变性的治疗问题•We describe a patient with amyloidosis of renal pelvis and two patients with urinary bladder amyloidosis, and discuss immunology of amyloid formation and treatment of amyloidosis.•(2)主语用主语用the author 或或 the authors, 谓语谓语用主动语态用主动语态•我们（作者）介绍了264例继发性肾血管性高血压的治疗经验•The author presents the experience with 264 patients with secondary renovascular hypertension.•(3)主语用主语用this report, this paper, this study, this article, 谓语用主动语态谓语用主动语态。

•本文报道了一种评价睡眠性呼吸暂停的方法，并介绍了用该方法对两例患者详细研究的结果•This paper reports a method of evaluating sleep apnea, and presents two cases fully studied by this method.•(4)表达论文主要内容、方法和结论，常用表达论文主要内容、方法和结论，常用第一人称主动语态第一人称主动语态•我们报道两例心脏血管肉瘤•We describe two cases of angiosarcoma of the heart.•我们用氨苄青霉素治疗这位病人，剂量为每天4克•We treated the patient with Penbritin in a dosage of 4g/day.•我们的结论是内镜超声对食管癌术前 TN病理诊断颇有帮助•We conclude that endoscopic US (ultrasonography) is useful in preoperative TN staging of esophageal tumors. (5) 英文摘要中使用第一人称主动语态比较英文摘要中使用第一人称主动语态比较常见，但为了强调动作承受着，突出行为常见，但为了强调动作承受着，突出行为对象，着重客观事实的叙述，主语常用第对象，着重客观事实的叙述，主语常用第三人称，句中谓语动词常用被动语态。

三人称，句中谓语动词常用被动语态 对35例早期胃癌的治疗结果进行了分析 The results of treatment of early gastric carcinoma were analysed in 35 patients.2. 摘要各部分时态的应用摘要各部分时态的应用2.1 背景部分的时态要求背景部分的时态要求（（1）在报道性摘要中，介绍研究背景常用一般现在）在报道性摘要中，介绍研究背景常用一般现在时，表明作者写论文或论文发表时的情况时，表明作者写论文或论文发表时的情况•eg.1.•The Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium can now be readily cultured on artificial media. Studies were done to define the growth and survival of the LD bacterium in these media and ascertain its susceptibility to disinfecting agents. •军团病菌(LD)现已能通过人工培养获得。

本研究的目的是查明LD菌在这种培养基中的生长情况及存活时间，并弄清它对各种消毒剂的敏感性  egeg. 2. . 2. About 50 cases of About 50 cases of leptospirosisleptospirosis are are diagnoseddiagnosed each year in the United Kingdom each year in the United Kingdom，，with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal with an overall mortality of 5%. Renal failurefailure，，in association with jaundicein association with jaundice，，isis commonly commonly held responsible forheld responsible for this figure. this figure. Over a period of 18 yearsOver a period of 18 years，，6 cases of 6 cases of leptospirosisleptospirosis complicated by renal failure complicated by renal failure were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal were treated at the Royal Air Force Renal Unit; there were 4 survivors. Unit; there were 4 survivors. 英国每年确诊为螺旋体病约英国每年确诊为螺旋体病约5050例，总死亡率达例，总死亡率达5%5%。

造成这些死亡的原因一般认为是肾功能衰竭合并黄造成这些死亡的原因一般认为是肾功能衰竭合并黄疸1818年来，有年来，有6 6例合并肾功能衰竭的患者在皇家例合并肾功能衰竭的患者在皇家空军肾病科进行治疗，有空军肾病科进行治疗，有4 4例存活  (2)(2)在报道性摘要和文献综述摘要中，在报道性摘要和文献综述摘要中，介绍本文的介绍本文的主题或内容一般用现在时这类动词常用的有主题或内容一般用现在时这类动词常用的有: : report, describe, present(report, describe, present(提出，介绍提出，介绍), ), discuss, study, review(discuss, study, review(综述，评综述，评),outline(),outline(概概述述), focus, emphasize, stress(), focus, emphasize, stress(强调强调) )等 eg.1. In this paper， we reportreport the effect of plasma exchange in a patient with this syndrome. 本文报道一例这种综合征患者血浆置换疗法的效果。

eg.2. A case of a 27 -year old man who developed anemia after fracture of sella turcica is reported.is reported. 本文报道一例27岁患者在蝶鞍骨折后发生贫血 eg.3.eg.3.The authors The authors present present 7 cases of 7 cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. disseminated intravascular coagulation. 本文报道了本文报道了7 7例弥漫性血管内凝血病例弥漫性血管内凝血病 eg.4.eg.4.A series of 16 patients with A series of 16 patients with small cell undifferentiated small cell undifferentiated bronchogenicbronchogenic carcinoma carcinoma is also presented. is also presented. 本文还报道了本文还报道了1616例小细胞未分化支气管癌。

例小细胞未分化支气管癌 egeg. 5. The role of . 5. The role of colonoscopecolonoscope in the in the management of 100 cases of suspected large management of 100 cases of suspected large bowel bowel tumourtumour is describedis described. . 本文报道结肠镜检查对本文报道结肠镜检查对100100例拟诊为大肠肿瘤的诊例拟诊为大肠肿瘤的诊断价值  egeg 8. 8.The problem of diagnose The problem of diagnose hyperthyroidism in the presence' of hyperthyroidism in the presence' of thyroxinethyroxine-binding globulin excess -binding globulin excess is is discusseddiscussed. . 本文讨论了甲状腺结合球蛋白过多时的甲状腺机本文讨论了甲状腺结合球蛋白过多时的甲状腺机能亢进的诊断问题。

能亢进的诊断问题 egeg 9. This article 9. This article reviewsreviews the the pertinentpertinent（（相关的）相关的） biology of these biology of these viruses and recent studies of their viruses and recent studies of their possible role in SLE (systemic lupus possible role in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosuserythematosus) . ) . 本文综述了有关这些病毒的生物学及其对系统性本文综述了有关这些病毒的生物学及其对系统性红斑狼疮红斑狼疮 潜在作用的最近研究潜在作用的最近研究  egeg 10. The importance of recognizing 10. The importance of recognizing pseudomyocardialpseudomyocardial infarction in infarction in hyperkalemiahyperkalemia is emphasizedis emphasized to distinguish from true to distinguish from true myocardial infarction. myocardial infarction. 本文着重谈了识别高钾血症患者假性心肌梗塞的重本文着重谈了识别高钾血症患者假性心肌梗塞的重要性，要性， 以便与真性心肌梗塞相鉴别。

以便与真性心肌梗塞相鉴别 egeg 11. The diagnostic importance of the 11. The diagnostic importance of the isolation of isolation of SponrothrixSponrothrix schenckiischenckii from from cerebrospinal fluidcerebrospinal fluid，， even if only from a even if only from a single specimensingle specimen，，is stressedis stressed. . 本文特别强调了从脑脊液分离出申克氏子包子丝菌本文特别强调了从脑脊液分离出申克氏子包子丝菌在诊断上的重要意义，即使只有一个标本也是如此在诊断上的重要意义，即使只有一个标本也是如此  介绍介绍" "本文本文" "的内容，除用上述动词外，还可用系的内容，除用上述动词外，还可用系动词动词bebe 如如" "本文是一篇本文是一篇…………报道报道" "，或，或" "本文是一篇本文是一篇…………分分析析" "等句式中的等句式中的" "是是" "均要用现在时。

均要用现在时 egeg 12. This study 12. This study is a description ofis a description of a a patient who exhibited diabetic ketosis patient who exhibited diabetic ketosis associated with an alkalosis(associated with an alkalosis(碱中毒碱中毒) rather ) rather than acidosis(than acidosis(酸中毒酸中毒) and ) and a review ofa review of eight eight previously reported cases. previously reported cases. 本文报道一例有碱中毒而不伴有酸中毒的糖尿病本文报道一例有碱中毒而不伴有酸中毒的糖尿病酮症患者，并对既往报道的酮症患者，并对既往报道的8 8例作了综述例作了综述  egeg 13. The present study 13. The present study is a prospective is a prospective analysis ofanalysis of 78 consecutive patients 78 consecutive patients undergoing coronary operation without undergoing coronary operation without venting of the left ventricle. venting of the left ventricle. 我们对我们对7878例施行冠状动脉手术而不做左心室开孔的例施行冠状动脉手术而不做左心室开孔的患者进行了前瞻性研究。

患者进行了前瞻性研究 (3) (3) 介绍研究背景有时用现在完成时表达，表示持介绍研究背景有时用现在完成时表达，表示持续到撰写论文时的行为和状态续到撰写论文时的行为和状态 egeg 1. The toxic effects of acute or 1. The toxic effects of acute or chronic use of alcohol on cerebral and chronic use of alcohol on cerebral and hepatic function hepatic function have long been recognizedhave long been recognized，， but it but it has been thoughthas been thought that the heart was that the heart was not similarly affected. not similarly affected. 暴饮或长期饮酒对脑和肝脏的毒性作用久已为人们暴饮或长期饮酒对脑和肝脏的毒性作用久已为人们所知，但人们一直认为对心脏并无类似影响。

所知，但人们一直认为对心脏并无类似影响 egeg 2. The patients 2. The patients have been followedhave been followed for for 15 to 32 years since the beginning of their 15 to 32 years since the beginning of their disease.disease.这些病人发病以来已随访了这些病人发病以来已随访了15-3215-32年 背景部分的常用表达：背景部分的常用表达：已有报道已有报道…… ...have/has been reported.…… ...have/has been reported.有记载有记载…… …has been recorded.…… …has been recorded.已证明已证明…… There is evidence that……… There is evidence that… It has been proved It has been proved that…that…我们报道我们报道…… We report/describe……… We report/describe… In this paper we In this paper we report…report…本文报道了本文报道了……is/are ……is/are resented/reported/described.resented/reported/described.本文讨论本文讨论/ /综述了综述了… …is/are discussed/reviewed.… …is/are discussed/reviewed.报告了报告了……的现状的现状 The present situation of …is The present situation of …is reported/presented.reported/presented. 1.2.1.2.目的部分的时态要求：目的部分的时态要求：国内外的生物医学期刊中叙述研究目的或主要研究活国内外的生物医学期刊中叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时有以下三种常用表达方法，要求使用不同时态。

动时有以下三种常用表达方法，要求使用不同时态1 1））““论文导向论文导向””的句子，介绍本文的中心意图，的句子，介绍本文的中心意图，说明本文要解决的问题，句中谓语动词用一般现在时说明本文要解决的问题，句中谓语动词用一般现在时表达 egeg 1. The purpose of this report is to 1. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the value of radiation therapy. emphasize the value of radiation therapy. 本文旨在强调放射治疗的价值本文旨在强调放射治疗的价值 egeg 2. The purpose of this paper is to 2. The purpose of this paper is to describe the clinical presentation of 7 such describe the clinical presentation of 7 such patients. patients. 本文的目的是介绍本文的目的是介绍7 7例这种患者的临床表现。

例这种患者的临床表现 egeg 3. The paper aims to establish a feasible 3. The paper aims to establish a feasible method method to describe …to describe …本文旨在建立一种描述本文旨在建立一种描述…………的可行性方法的可行性方法 (2) “(2) “研究导向研究导向””的句子，交代研究目的，用一般过的句子，交代研究目的，用一般过去时这是因为研究过程中所做的一切已成为过去，去时这是因为研究过程中所做的一切已成为过去，在着手研究前要确定所研究的目的应用过去时态在着手研究前要确定所研究的目的应用过去时态 egeg 1. The purpose of this study 1. The purpose of this study was to was to investigateinvestigate factors that may participate in factors that may participate in the production of innocent ejection the production of innocent ejection murmuresmurmures. .本研究旨在调查非病理性喷射性杂音的可能因素。

本研究旨在调查非病理性喷射性杂音的可能因素 egeg 2. This experiment 2. This experiment was done towas done to explore the explore the etiologic mechanism and new therapy of etiologic mechanism and new therapy of otitisotitis media effusion. media effusion.本实验旨在探讨分泌性中耳炎的发病机理和新治疗方本实验旨在探讨分泌性中耳炎的发病机理和新治疗方法 (3) (3) 众多期刊摘要中，研究摘要也常用不定式短语表众多期刊摘要中，研究摘要也常用不定式短语表达 egeg 1. To examine the association between 1. To examine the association between coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men.gallstone disease in men.检查咖啡与男性发生症状性胆石症危险的关系。

检查咖啡与男性发生症状性胆石症危险的关系 egeg 2. To evaluate spiral CT in the 2. To evaluate spiral CT in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas.preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas.探讨螺旋探讨螺旋CTCT对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值 目的部分的常用表达目的部分的常用表达(1)(1)表示写作和研究目的的常用词汇：表示写作和研究目的的常用词汇： 常用名词：常用名词：purpose, attempt, aim, objectivepurpose, attempt, aim, objective 常用动词：常用动词：study, investigate, evaluate, explore, study, investigate, evaluate, explore, observe, clarify, understand, examine, observe, clarify, understand, examine, substantiatesubstantiate（证实）（证实）, inquire into, elucidate, inquire into, elucidate（阐（阐明，说明）等。

明，说明）等2)(2)目的部分常介绍研究性质及研究方法，常用以下词汇：目的部分常介绍研究性质及研究方法，常用以下词汇：试验研究：试验研究： experimental studyexperimental study临床研究：临床研究：clinical studyclinical study随访研究：随访研究：follow-up studyfollow-up study回顾性研究：回顾性研究：retrospective studyretrospective study前瞻性研究：前瞻性研究：prospective studyprospective study单单/ /双盲交叉研究：双盲交叉研究：single-/double-blind, crossover single-/double-blind, crossover studystudy随机对照研究：随机对照研究：randomized, controlled studyrandomized, controlled study双盲随机研究：双盲随机研究：double-blind randomized studydouble-blind randomized study (3)(3)表示研究的常用词除表示研究的常用词除study study 外，还有外，还有investigation, research, approachinvestigation, research, approach等。

另外，等另外，study study 与表示研究方法的前置定语连用，在句子中往往用单数；与表示研究方法的前置定语连用，在句子中往往用单数；但若与表示研究对象的前置词连用，往往用复数但若与表示研究对象的前置词连用，往往用复数 egeg. . 白细胞研究：白细胞研究：lymphocyte studieslymphocyte studies红细胞存活研究：红细胞存活研究：red-cell survival studiesred-cell survival studies血液动力学研究：血液动力学研究：hemodynamic studieshemodynamic studies电生理学研究：电生理学研究：electrophysiological studieselectrophysiological studies理化研究：理化研究：physical and chemical studiesphysical and chemical studies结构研究：结构研究：structural studiesstructural studies神经肌肉研究：神经肌肉研究：neuromuscular studiesneuromuscular studies细胞遗传研究：细胞遗传研究：cytogenetic studiescytogenetic studies (4)(4)目的部分常用句式：目的部分常用句式：为了探讨为了探讨…… …… To/In order to investigate/evaluate…To/In order to investigate/evaluate…为了弄清为了弄清……的关系的关系 To find out the relationship between…and…To find out the relationship between…and…本文本文的目的是的目的是… … The purpose of this paper/review/chapter The purpose of this paper/review/chapter is tois to……本研究本研究旨在旨在… … The purpose/objective/aim of this study/investigation The purpose/objective/aim of this study/investigation was was toto……The study was designed to…The study was designed to…The present study was undertaken to…The present study was undertaken to…The author undertook a retrospective study to…The author undertook a retrospective study to…A double-blind prospective investigation was undertaken A double-blind prospective investigation was undertaken to. . to. . In this studyIn this study，， an attempt was made to. . .an attempt was made to. . . eg 1. This study was undertaken towas undertaken to assess the effect of glucagon on biliary tract opacification during intravenous cholangiography. 本研究旨在评定静脉胆管造影时胰高血糖素对胆道显影的作用。

eg 2. In this study, an attempt was made an attempt was made toto determine if the electrocardiogram or vector cadiogram might show previously unrecognized evidence of myocardial infarction. 本研究旨在测定心电图及心向量图是否能发现潜在的心肌梗塞 摘要中常用的省略形式摘要中常用的省略形式•(1) 常用缩略语常用缩略语 （（（（1 1）专业常用缩略语：）专业常用缩略语：）专业常用缩略语：）专业常用缩略语：CTCT，， AIDSAIDS，，APC, APC, WBCWBC（（白细胞）白细胞）, M.D., DNA, HIV (human , M.D., DNA, HIV (human immunodeficiency virusimmunodeficiency virus人类免疫缺陷病毒人类免疫缺陷病毒), ), MRI (Magnetic Resonance ImagingMRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成磁共振成像像), OPD (Outpatient Department), OPD (Outpatient Department门诊部门诊部), ), LDH (Lactic LDH (Lactic dehydrogenasedehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶）乳酸脱氢酶）等。

等 （（（（2 2）非公认的缩略语：）非公认的缩略语：）非公认的缩略语：）非公认的缩略语：第一次出现时用全部第一次出现时用全部第一次出现时用全部第一次出现时用全部词的完整形式，然后在其后加括号列出其缩词的完整形式，然后在其后加括号列出其缩词的完整形式，然后在其后加括号列出其缩词的完整形式，然后在其后加括号列出其缩略形式（每个词的首字母大写），略形式（每个词的首字母大写），略形式（每个词的首字母大写），略形式（每个词的首字母大写）， 如如如如, , partial left partial left ventriculectomyventriculectomy (PLV) (PLV)左心室左心室部分切除，部分切除，vascular smooth muscle cells vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)(VSMC)血管平滑肌细胞等血管平滑肌细胞等（（2）名词词组）名词词组 名词词组是一种省略的表达方法，具有简单明名词词组是一种省略的表达方法，具有简单明了的特点，因而在科技文章中广为应用了的特点，因而在科技文章中广为应用。

十二指肠溃疡患者patient with duodenal ulcer

The syndrome is reviewed and the anesthetic management of a case (is )described.(4) 定语从句中的省略定语从句中的省略12例接受手术的病人依然健在，两例为做手术的患者业已死亡The twelve patients who had surgery all survived; the two who did not (have surgery) died.(5)状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略 在以when, where, once, while, until, if, as, whether, although 等连词引导的表示时间、地点、条件、方式等的状语从句中，如果其谓语动词包含be, 而且主句和从句的主语一致，则可将从句中的主语和位于中的部分（特别是be）省略如果从句中主语是it,可将从句中的主语it 及 谓语动词be省略，常以if possible, if necessary 等形式出现 我们认为，如果希斯氏束（His-bundle）电图可行的话，必要时可用来明确阻滞位置。

We think that if His-bundle electrogram is available, it may serve as a useful method to ascertain the location of the block if (it is) necessary. 高钙尿如伴有家族性肾小管酸中毒，即可视为继发病 Hypercalciuria was considered as a secondary condition when (it was) associated with familial renal tubular acidosis.(6)删除多余的文字删除多余的文字显然，治疗方法须视病情而定It is obvious that proper treatment must depend on the illness or injury involved.It is obvious that简化为 obviously•其他还有：其他还有：•In order to to•With a view to to•For the purpose of for•At this point in time now•At the present time now•It has been reported by us that Now we report that•Be referred to us be called•Take into consideration considerthrough the use of /by means of through/by/with•Due to the fact that because•On account of the fact that because•During the same time that during/while•During the course of during•Despite/in spite of the fact that although•It is clear that clearly•For the reason that because /since•Prior to before•In a position to can•With the result that so that •At all times always•In the near future soon•Bring all this to a conclusion conclude关键词•(1)关键词的含义关键词的含义 •关键词(Key Words) ，亦称索引词索引词或主题词主题词，是论文的提示，是论文中常出现的、与主题内容有关的，提请读者注意的核心词语核心词语，是具有实质意义实质意义的检索语言。

•(2)关键词的选用范围关键词的选用范围 •①论文标题和摘要中所涉及的主题概念主题概念，即核心即核心词词; •②作者重点研究或寻求解决的主要问题，即文章论述的重点、研究的目的或对象重点、研究的目的或对象; •③实验或临床研究课题及其直接的研究目的、手研究目的、手段和结论段和结论; •④讨论部分的主要内容讨论部分的主要内容; •⑤基础理论研究方面的论文应列出•反映主要论点论点和论据论据的词汇• 英文关键词一般选用名词、名词短语名词、名词短语•或复合词复合词，而不选用动词、形容词、缩 略语等关键词可能是单词单词，也可能是短语短语，例如: "transforming growth factor (转化生长因子) "作为一个关键词•(3)关键词的标引方法关键词的标引方法 • 国际《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》规定，每篇论文标引3 -103 -10个关键词， 以便索引编辑人员将该文编入互检索引• 中文关键词英译 时，需使用规范化规范化词语应尽量选用由中国医学科学院医学信息研究所翻译出版的《医学文献索引医学文献索引》》(Index (Index MedicusMedicus，，IM)IM)中的中的《《医学主题词表医学主题词表》》(Medical Subject (Medical Subject HeadingsHeadings，， MeSHMeSH) )和中国中 医研究院图书情报研究所编制的中医药主题词表中中医药主题词表中所列的词，这两部•主题词表共收录正式主题词20000余条，•副主题词90余条及以后每年新增加•的主题词或词典提供的规范•例如:淋巴癌，按MeSH词表，应译成Lymphoma， 如将其译成Lymph cancer/ tumor/ cyst，或Lymph arcinoma/•neoplasm（肿瘤）就不规范。

•又如:心肌成形术应译成Cardiomyoplasty ; 神经胶质瘤应译成Glioma等 (4)关键词的书写格式 • 排列关键词时，各词之间可用分号分号““;”;”隔开，最末一个词后不加符号;各关 键词之间也可不用标点符号可不用标点符号多数医学期刊要求每个关键词的首字母大写，有的 要求全部字母大写对“关键词”的英文表述，多数医学期刊用““Key Key Words”Words” ，但 有些医学期刊用“ MeSH”， “Subjective Words/Headings”， “KEY INDEXING •TERMS”等因此，作者向某杂志投稿•时，应事先了解其编写要求。