
计算机专业外文翻译---信息管理系统.docx
16页建立一个信息管理系统建立一个信息管理系统在行政管理机构信息是个重要资源及时有效的重要信息对于高效管理职能的表现是至关重要的,例如准备,组织,领导,控制在一个管理机构中,信息系统就像是人体中的神经系统,它把组织的所有元件连接在一起而且还在竞争的环境中提供更好的操作和生存机会信息系统经常提及一个以计算机为基础的,被设计成支持组织的操作、经营和决策功能的系统在组织中信息系统为决策者提供信息支持信息系统包含交易处理系统、管理信息系统、决策支持系统和战略的信息系统信息由经过处理的而且是对用户是有用的数据组成一个系统是为了达成一个共同的目的共同操作的一组元件因此一个管理信息系统收集,传送,处理,储存,而且在组织资源、程序表和成就上储存数据系统进入经营信息之内为这些数据做合理的变换为决策者在组织里面的使用因此,一个管理信息系统提供支持组织管理职能的信息一、基本的概念一、基本的概念1 1、数据和信息的比较、数据和信息的比较数据提供未加工的、不被评估的事实数据、符号、物件、事件等等数据可能是一个在于储存事实的集合物件,像一个目录或者实施统计调查记录信息是那些已经进入一个有意义的,有用的背景而且传达到一个使用它做出决断的接受人的数据。
信息涉及智慧或知识的交流和接受它评价而且通知,吃惊而且刺激,减少不确定,现实另外可供选择的方案或者帮助去除无关的或者没用的信息,还影响人们并且鼓励他们做出行动数据的元素在一个特殊的背景下可能构成一条信息;例如,当你想联系你的朋友的时候,他或者她的号码就是一条信息;除此之外,它在号码薄里仅仅是一个数据的元素2 2、信息的特性、信息的特性好信息的特性是中肯的、时间性、准确性、成本效益、可靠性、可用性、无遗漏和凝聚层次如果它引导改良的决策,信息是有关的如果它重新确定之前的决定它也是有关的如果它对你的问题没有任何帮助那它就是无关的例如,如果你在一月考虑去巴黎,那有关巴黎一月的天气情况的信息对你来说就是有关的否则,这信息就是无关的时间性涉及到信息的流通呈现给使用者数据或信息的流通性是事件发生到它呈现给用户(决策者)之间的时间缺口如果这个合计时间很短,我们说这个信息系统是一个即时系统准确性是通过对数据和实际事件的比较而被测量的准确无误的数据的重要性随着需要做出决断的型态而改变的工资总支出信息必须是精确地简单的近似值是不能满足需要的不过对于全体员工的时间有多少是专注于特定的活动需要一个大致的估算,这是不可或缺的。
3 3、信息的价值、信息的价值在决策的制定上信息有着重要的作用,因此它的价值紧紧系在使用它所做出的决断上信息没有一个绝对的万用价值它的价值关系到使用它的人们,当它被用,和在什么情况下被用在这个意义上,信息跟其它的商品有相似之处例如,对于一个在撒哈拉沙漠的人来说一杯水的价值就超过了一个在北极冰川迷路的人经济学家从招致生产或者获得商品的一个商品的成本或者价格来辨别价值很显然,产品的价值肯定比它的成本或者价格高让它变得有成本效益信息的标准价值的概念已经被经济学家和统计家发展而且它起源于决断理论这个理论的基本前提是我们总是有一些与我们的决断相关的发生的事件的初步了解额外的信息可能修改我们对事情发生或然率的观点,因此改变我们的决定并且期望决定取得成功因此,额外的信息的价值是通过减少将来的事件的不确定性而获得预期结果的差额信息支持决定,决定触发动作,而动作影响组织的成就或绩效如果我们可以测量出绩效中的差额,我们就可以追踪信息的影响力,进而可以假设测量小心地被执行,在变数之中的关系定义得好,而且不相关因素的可能结果被孤立由于信息的因素,绩效标准的差额叫做信息的现实价值或者显示价值对于大部分的信息系统来说,特别是那些支持中层和最高管理部门的人们,产生的决断时常与不严格被定义而且包括不能够被定量的或然率的事件有关。
决策程序时常是模糊的,而且结果因多重的、无比的大小而依比例决定的在一些情况下,我们可能尝试执行一个多属性分析或者得到一个大体上主观的价值主观的价值反映了人们对于信息的综合印象和他们愿意为特定信息支付的价值(Ahituv, Neumann, Lucas, 1990; McLeod, 1995). Basic conceptsData versus Information Data refers to raw, unevaluated facts, figures, symbols, objects, events, etc. Data may be a collection of facts lying in storage, like a telephone directory or census records. Information is data that have been put into a meaningful and useful context and communicated to a recipient who uses it to make decisions. Information involves the communication and reception of intelligence or knowledge. It appraises and notifies, surprises and stimulates, reduces uncertainty, reveals additional alternatives or helps eliminate irrelevant or poor ones, and influences individuals and stimulates them to action. An element of data may constitute information in a specific context; for example, when you want to contact your friend, his or her telephone number is a piece of information; otherwise, it is just one element of data in the telephone directory. Characteristics of Information The characteristics of good information are relevance, timeliness, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, reliability, usability, exhaustiveness, and aggregation level. Information is relevant if it leads to improved decision making. It might also be relevant if it reaffirms a previous decision. If it does not have anything to do with your problem, it is irrelevant. For example, information about the weather conditions in Paris in January is relevant if you are considering a visit to Paris in January. Otherwise, the information is not relevant. Timeliness refers to the currency of the information presented to the users. Currency of data or information is the time gap between the occurrence of an event in the field until its presentation to the user (decision maker). When this amount of time is very short, we describe the information system as a real-time system. Accuracy is measured by comparing the data to actual events. The importance of accurate data varies with the type of decisions that need to be made. Payroll information must be exact. Approximations simply will not suffice. However, a general estimate of how much staff time was devoted to a particular activity may be all that is needed. Value of Information Information has a great impact on decision making, and hence its value is closely tied to the decisions that result from its use. Information does not have an absolute universal value. Its value is related to those who use it, when it is used, and in what situation it is used. In this sense, information is similar to other commodities. For example, the value of a glass of water is different for someone who has lost his way in Arctic glaciers than it is to a wanderer in the Sahara Desert. Economists distinguish value from cost or price of a commodity incurred to produce or procure the commodity. Obviously, the value of a product must be higher than its cost or price for it to be cost-effective. The concept of normative value of information has been developed by economists and statisticians and is derived from decision theory. The basic premise of the theory is that we always have some preliminary knowledge about the occurrence of events that are relevant to our decisions. Additional information might modify our view of the occurrence probabilities and consequ。
