
《英语修辞学》第十一章讲解学习.ppt
56页《英语修辞学》第十一章《英语修辞学》第十一章Ø11.1 Allegory 讽喻讽喻 ;寓言;寓言 Ø11.2 Allusion 典故典故;引用;引用Ø11.3 Hyperbole 夸张夸张Ø11.4 Understatement 含蓄陈述含蓄陈述 Ø11.5 Irony 反语反语Ø11.6 Innuendo 暗讽;暗贬暗讽;暗贬Ø11.7 Euphemism 委婉语委婉语Ø11.8 Oxymoron 矛盾法矛盾法Ø11.9 Analogy 比拟;类比比拟;类比Ø11.10 Paradox 矛盾隽语;逆说;悖论矛盾隽语;逆说;悖论Contents of This Chapter211.1 Allegory 讽喻讽喻 ;寓言;寓言 (1)DefinitionØAllegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning, and a secondary or under-the-surface meaning.ØAllegories are effective in teaching or explaining some abstract idea. They are favorably used in moral teaching.ØAllegory is in essence a figurative representation of some abstract truth by the use of symbolic language.3Allegory讽喻也叫寓意讽喻也叫寓意, 是一种比暗喻更为委婉的比喻是一种比暗喻更为委婉的比喻, 其基本形式是以具体形其基本形式是以具体形象说明抽象概念象说明抽象概念, 通过具体形象或浅近事实通过具体形象或浅近事实, 给人以启发给人以启发, 引导人们去认清事物引导人们去认清事物的本质或深邃的哲理。
的本质或深邃的哲理 E.g. No rose without a thorn. 世上没有无刺的玫瑰世上没有无刺的玫瑰( 世上没有十全十美的事世上没有十全十美的事) It’s time to turn swords into ploughs. 铸剑为犁铸剑为犁( 是应该以和平代替战争的时候了是应该以和平代替战争的时候了) Laugh and the world laugh with you; weep and you weep alone. 笑时万众附和笑时万众附和, 哭时独自垂泪哭时独自垂泪 4(2) Allegory has no determinate length. It can be as short as a few words (as in some English proverbs), or as long as a whole passage or a whole novel.E.g. In fair weather prepare for foul. Every pleasure has a pain. He who would gather honey must bear the stings of bees.5 A Lion was awakened from sleep by a Mouse running over his face. Rising up angrily, he caught him and was about to kill him, when the Mouse piteously entreated, saying: "If you would only spare my life, I would be sure to repay your kindness." The Lion laughed and let him go. It happened shortly after this that the Lion was caught by some hunters, who bound him by strong ropes to the ground. The Mouse, recognizing his roar, came and gnawed the rope with his teeth and set him free, exclaiming: "You ridiculed the idea of my ever being able to help you, expecting to receive from me any repayment of your favor; now you know that it is possible for even a Mouse to con benefits on a Lion.“这故事说明这故事说明,时运交替变更时运交替变更,强者也会有需要弱者的时候。
强者也会有需要弱者的时候 The Lion and the Mouse611.2 Allusion 典故;引用典故;引用(1)Definition:(2) Allusion is usually a casual, brief and implicit reference to a famous historical or literary figure or a well-known historical event, which the writer assumes to be familiar to his readers. E.g. ØShe sat there all night as silent as the sphinx.ØIf you take his parking place, you can expect World War II all over again.7(2) Allusions may be employed in forms of words, phrases or sentences.Ø In form of wordsØ In form of phrasesØ In form of sentencesE.g. Adam‘s ale 清水清水 Adam's apple 喉結喉結 Achilles‘ heel 致命伤致命伤 Adonis 美男子美男子 = Apollo = Narcissus apple of one's eye 掌上明珠掌上明珠 apple of Sodom 金玉其外,败絮其中金玉其外,败絮其中 8a beam in one‘s eye 自己重大的缺点自己重大的缺点ants and grasshoppers 勤劳与懒惰的人勤劳与懒惰的人the apple of discord 祸根祸根Bell the cat 不可能的任务不可能的任务catch 22 进退维谷进退维谷Cinderella Complex 灰姑娘情結灰姑娘情結 -->不切不切实际的幻想实际的幻想David and Goliath = David and Jonathan 管鮑之交管鮑之交Don Quixote 不切实际;众人皆醒我独痴不切实际;众人皆醒我独痴Electra Complex 恋父情結恋父情結Gabriel 天使天使Helen of Troy 绝世美女绝世美女The labors of Hercules 大力神的十二任大力神的十二任务务under the aegis of 保护;支援保护;支援9ØThe Heel of Achilles直译是直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵阿基里斯的脚踵”,是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。
它,是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语它源自荷马史诗源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事中的希腊神话故事 阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将,也是荷马史诗 阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将,也是荷马史诗Iliad里的主要人物之一里的主要人物之一传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子阿基里传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子阿基里斯瓜瓜坠地以后,母亲想使儿子健壮永生,把他放在火里锻炼,又捏着他的脚踵倒浸斯瓜瓜坠地以后,母亲想使儿子健壮永生,把他放在火里锻炼,又捏着他的脚踵倒浸在冥河在冥河(Styx)圣水里浸泡因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨,刀枪不入,只有脚踵部位圣水里浸泡因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨,刀枪不入,只有脚踵部位被母亲的手捏住,没有沾到冥河圣水,成为他的唯一要害在特洛伊战争中,阿基里被母亲的手捏住,没有沾到冥河圣水,成为他的唯一要害在特洛伊战争中,阿基里斯骁勇无敌,所向披靡,杀死了特洛伊主将,著名英雄赫克托耳斯骁勇无敌,所向披靡,杀死了特洛伊主将,著名英雄赫克托耳(Hector),而特洛伊,而特洛伊的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯。
后来,太阳神阿波罗的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯后来,太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)把阿基里斯的弱点告诉把阿基里斯的弱点告诉了特洛伊王子帕里斯,阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口,用暗箭射中他的脚踵,负了特洛伊王子帕里斯,阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口,用暗箭射中他的脚踵,负伤而死 因此, 因此,the heel of Achilles,也称也称the Achilles' heel,常用以表示,常用以表示a weak point in something that is otherwise without fault;the weakest spot等意思 eg:The shortage of fortitude is his heel of Achilles.His Achilles' heel was his pride--he would get very angry if anyone criticized his work. 10ØAn Apple of Discord直译为直译为“纠纷的苹果纠纷的苹果”,出自荷马史诗,出自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事中的希腊神话故事传说希腊阿耳戈英雄传说希腊阿耳戈英雄(Argonaut)珀琉斯珀琉斯(Peleus)和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯和爱琴海海神涅柔斯的女儿西蒂斯(Thetis)在珀利翁山举行婚礼,大摆宴席。
他们邀请了奥林匹斯上在珀利翁山举行婚礼,大摆宴席他们邀请了奥林匹斯上(Olympus)的诸神参加喜筵,不的诸神参加喜筵,不知是有意还是无心,惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯知是有意还是无心,惟独没有邀请掌管争执的女神厄里斯(Eris)这位女神恼羞成怒,决这位女神恼羞成怒,决定在这次喜筵上制造不和于是,她不请自来,并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果,上面镌定在这次喜筵上制造不和于是,她不请自来,并悄悄在筵席上放了一个金苹果,上面镌刻着刻着“属于最美者属于最美者”几个字天后赫拉几个字天后赫拉(Hera),智慧女神雅典娜,智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)、爱与美之神阿芙、爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂罗狄蒂(Aphrodite),都自以为最美,应得金苹果,获得,都自以为最美,应得金苹果,获得“最美者最美者”称号她们争执不下,闹称号她们争执不下,闹到众神之父宙斯到众神之父宙斯(Zeus)那里,但宙斯碍于难言之隐,不愿偏袒任何一方,就要她们去找特那里,但宙斯碍于难言之隐,不愿偏袒任何一方,就要她们去找特洛伊的王子帕里斯洛伊的王子帕里斯(Paris)评判三位女神为了获得金苹果,都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处:评判三位女神为了获得金苹果,都各自私许帕里斯以某种好处:赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利,雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉,阿芙赫拉许给他以广袤国土和掌握富饶财宝的权利,雅典娜许以文武全才和胜利的荣誉,阿芙罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫。
年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择罗狄蒂则许他成为世界上最美艳女子的丈夫年青的帕里斯在富贵、荣誉和美女之间选择了后者,便把金苹果判给爱与美之神为此,赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯,连带也憎恨整个了后者,便把金苹果判给爱与美之神为此,赫拉和雅典娜怀恨帕里斯,连带也憎恨整个特洛伊人后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言,帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后特洛伊人后来阿芙罗狄蒂为了履行诺言,帮助帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯的王后---绝世美女海伦绝世美女海伦(Helen),从而引起了历时,从而引起了历时10年的特洛伊战争年的特洛伊战争 11Ø不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果,不仅成了天上不和女神厄里斯丢下的那个苹果,不仅成了天上3位女神之间不和的根源,而且也成为位女神之间不和的根源,而且也成为了人间了人间2个民族之间战争的起因因此,在英语中产生了个民族之间战争的起因因此,在英语中产生了an apple of discord这个成语,这个成语,常用来比喻常用来比喻any subject of disagreement and contention;the root of the trouble;dispute等意义等意义这个成语最初为公元这个成语最初为公元2世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克世纪时的古罗马历史学家马克•朱里朱里•尤斯丁尤斯丁(Marcus Juninus Justinus)所使用,后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去,成为了一个国际性成语。
所使用,后来广泛的流传到欧洲许多语言中去,成为了一个国际性成语Eg: He throwing us an apple of discord,we soon quarrelled again. The dispute about inheriting estate formed an apple of discord between them. This problem seems to be an apple of discord between the Soviet union and the USA.12•Helen是希腊的绝世佳人,美艳无比,嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯是希腊的绝世佳人,美艳无比,嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻后来,特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊,在斯巴达国王那里做客,为妻后来,特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊,在斯巴达国王那里做客,他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下,趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际,诱走海伦,还带走了他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下,趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际,诱走海伦,还带走了很多财宝很多财宝 此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤,墨涅俄斯发誓说,宁死也要夺回海轮,报仇雪恨。
此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤,墨涅俄斯发誓说,宁死也要夺回海轮,报仇雪恨为此,在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下,调集十万大军和为此,在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下,调集十万大军和1180条战船,组成了希腊联军,条战船,组成了希腊联军,公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅,浩浩荡荡,跨海东征,攻打为联军统帅,浩浩荡荡,跨海东征,攻打特洛伊城,企图用武力夺回海轮双方大战特洛伊城,企图用武力夺回海轮双方大战10年,死伤无数,许多英雄战死在沙场年,死伤无数,许多英雄战死在沙场甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营,有些支持希腊人,有些帮助特洛伊人,,彼个阵营,有些支持希腊人,有些帮助特洛伊人,,彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯此展开了一场持久的恶斗最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯(Odusseus)的的“木马木马计计”,里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊希腊人进城后,大肆杀戮,帕里斯王子也被杀死,特,里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊希腊人进城后,大肆杀戮,帕里斯王子也被杀死,特洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶特洛伊城被掠夺一空,烧成了一片灰烬。
战争结实洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶特洛伊城被掠夺一空,烧成了一片灰烬战争结实后,希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊,墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海轮重返故土这就后,希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊,墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海轮重返故土这就是特洛伊战争的起因和结局正是由于海轮,使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧,真所谓是特洛伊战争的起因和结局正是由于海轮,使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧,真所谓“倾国倾国倾城倾城”,由此产生了,由此产生了Helen of Troy这个成语这个成语13• 特洛伊战争的真实性,已为 特洛伊战争的真实性,已为19世纪德国考古学家谢里曼在迈锡尼发掘和考证古代特世纪德国考古学家谢里曼在迈锡尼发掘和考证古代特洛伊古城废墟所证实至于特洛伊城被毁的真正原因,虽然众说纷纭,但肯定决不是洛伊古城废墟所证实至于特洛伊城被毁的真正原因,虽然众说纷纭,但肯定决不是为了一个美女而爆发这场战争的,与其说是为了争夺海轮而打了起来,毋宁说是为了为了一个美女而爆发这场战争的,与其说是为了争夺海轮而打了起来,毋宁说是为了争夺该地区的商业霸权和抢劫财宝而引起战争的所谓争夺该地区的商业霸权和抢劫财宝而引起战争的所谓“特洛伊的海伦特洛伊的海伦”,实质上是财,实质上是财富和商业霸权的化身。
中国历史上也有过富和商业霸权的化身中国历史上也有过“妲己亡商妲己亡商”,,“西施沼吴西施沼吴”等传说,以及唐明等传说,以及唐明皇因宠杨贵妃而招致皇因宠杨贵妃而招致“安史之乱安史之乱”,吴三桂,吴三桂“冲冠一怒为红颜冲冠一怒为红颜”等说法汉语中有个等说法汉语中有个“倾国倾国倾城倾城”的成语(语出《汉书的成语(语出《汉书·外戚传》:外戚传》:‘一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国一顾倾人城,再顾倾人国’这里的“倾倾”字一字一语双光,既可指美艳非凡,令人倾倒;也可纸倾覆邦国其含义与语双光,既可指美艳非凡,令人倾倒;也可纸倾覆邦国其含义与Helen of troy十分十分近似 在现代英语中, 在现代英语中,Helen of Troy这个成语,除了表示这个成语,除了表示a beautiful girl or woman;a beauty who ruins her country等意义外,还可以用来表示等意义外,还可以用来表示a terrible disaster brought by sb or sth you like best的意思 eg:It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.She didn't think of the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family.Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.14ØThe Augean Stable(s)肮脏的地方肮脏的地方;藏垢纳秽之所藏垢纳秽之所;积弊积弊 The Augean Stable(s)直译直译"奥吉亚斯的牛圈奥吉亚斯的牛圈",源自古希腊神话中关于源自古希腊神话中关于赫拉克勒斯的英雄传说。
赫拉克勒斯的英雄传说 奥吉亚斯(奥吉亚斯(Augeas)是古希腊西部厄利斯)是古希腊西部厄利斯(Elis)的国王他有一个极大的牛圈,里面养了的国王他有一个极大的牛圈,里面养了2000头牛(一说头牛(一说3000匹匹马),马),30年来未清扫过,粪秽堆积如山,十分肮脏因此,年来未清扫过,粪秽堆积如山,十分肮脏因此,the Augean stable=very dirty place. 古希腊神话中的英雄赫拉克勒斯古希腊神话中的英雄赫拉克勒斯(Heracles),亦称海格立斯亦称海格立斯(Hercules),,是宙斯同底比斯国王之女阿尔克墨涅所生的儿子,自幼在名师的传授下,是宙斯同底比斯国王之女阿尔克墨涅所生的儿子,自幼在名师的传授下,学会了各种武艺和技能,神勇无敌,成为遐迩闻名的大力士他因受到学会了各种武艺和技能,神勇无敌,成为遐迩闻名的大力士他因受到心胸狭窄的天后赫拉的迫害,不得不替迈锡尼国王欧律斯透斯服役十几心胸狭窄的天后赫拉的迫害,不得不替迈锡尼国王欧律斯透斯服役十几年15Ø赫拉克勒斯拒绝了赫拉克勒斯拒绝了“恶德恶德”女神要他走享乐道路的诱惑,而听从了女神要他走享乐道路的诱惑,而听从了“美德美德”女神的忠告,决心在逆境中不畏艰险,为民除害造福。
他在十二年中完女神的忠告,决心在逆境中不畏艰险,为民除害造福他在十二年中完成了12项英勇业绩,其中之一就是在一天之内将奥吉亚斯的牛圈打扫成了12项英勇业绩,其中之一就是在一天之内将奥吉亚斯的牛圈打扫干净赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深沟,引来附近的阿尔裴斯河和干净赫拉克勒斯先在牛圈的一端挖了深沟,引来附近的阿尔裴斯河和珀涅俄斯河的河水灌入牛圈,而在另一端开一出口,使河水流经牛圈,珀涅俄斯河的河水灌入牛圈,而在另一端开一出口,使河水流经牛圈,借用水力冲洗积粪这样,他在一夜之间将30年没有打扫过的肮脏不借用水力冲洗积粪这样,他在一夜之间将30年没有打扫过的肮脏不堪的牛圈,打扫的干干净净奥吉亚斯曾许诺事成之后把牛群的十分之堪的牛圈,打扫的干干净净奥吉亚斯曾许诺事成之后把牛群的十分之一给赫拉克勒斯,作为劳动报酬,后来当他获悉赫拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯一给赫拉克勒斯,作为劳动报酬,后来当他获悉赫拉克勒斯是奉欧律斯透斯之命来完成这项任务的,于是被赫拉克勒斯杀死透斯之命来完成这项任务的,于是被赫拉克勒斯杀死ØAlthough they know it is not easy to reform the Augean stables of this society, they are still trying to do it.尽管他们知道革除社会积弊非常困难,但他们仍然尽力去做。
16(3) Sources of allusions:Ø Fairy tales E.g. Cincerella;open sesame; Aladdin and the wonderful lamp;beauty and the beast; the emperor’s new clothes;the ugly duckling.Ø Greek mythologyE.g. Achilles’ heel or the heel of Achilles;Apollo;Oedipus;Pandora’s box;Trojan horse, etc.Ø FablesE.g. a dog in the manger;sour grapes;bury one’s head in the sand;pull the chestnuts out of the fire;the boy who cried wolf;belling the cat;the hare and the tortoise;a wolf in sheep’s clothing, etc.17Ø The BibleE.g. the tower of Babel;Solomon; Adam and Eve; the tree of knowledge of good and evil;Judas;the lost sheep; etc.Ø English and American literary worksE.g. Catch – 22;the ancient mariner and the albatross; Romeo and Juliet;Hamlet;Don Quixote; Pound of flesh; etc. Ø Historical figuresE.g. a Wellington, a Homer, a Shakespeare, etc.18Ø a Shylock: a cruel, greedy, money-grabbing person, one who will go to no ends to acquire wealth.夏洛克:守财奴,夏洛克:守财奴, Ø a Cleopatra: a woman of breathtaking beauty. 克利欧佩特拉:此人为古克利欧佩特拉:此人为古埃及艳后,意为绝代佳人。
埃及艳后,意为绝代佳人Øpaint the lily:典出莎翁剧作典出莎翁剧作《《约翰王约翰王 》》 给百合花上色被看成是多此一举给百合花上色被看成是多此一举,徒劳无益之事徒劳无益之事Ø Tower of Babel :该典出自该典出自《《圣经圣经·创世纪创世纪》》 :诺亚诺亚 (Noah)的后代建造通天的后代建造通天塔塔,上帝怒其狂举上帝怒其狂举,使建造者各操不同语言使建造者各操不同语言,造成交流困难造成交流困难,该塔因此未能建成该塔因此未能建成Ø open sesame:引自引自《《天方夜谭天方夜谭 》》 中的故事中的故事“阿里巴巴和四十大盗阿里巴巴和四十大盗” ,该典故该典故喻指喻指“ 秘诀秘诀” 、、 “ 关键关键” Ø Cinderella:出自出自《《格林童话格林童话 》》 ,指故事中为继母虐待之女孩指故事中为继母虐待之女孩,后获仙姑佑助后获仙姑佑助,遂与王子结为夫妇喻指才干或美貌一时未被赏识者遂与王子结为夫妇喻指才干或美貌一时未被赏识者1911.3 Hyperbole 夸张夸张(1) Definition:(2) It refers to a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than is warranted by the state of affairs described, also known as exaggeration or over-statement. Hyperbole is commonly used as a sign of great emotion or passion.(3) 夸夸张手法是人们从主观出发,有意识地把事实夸大,故意言过其实,以达到强调或突出的一种修辞手法。
它偏重于情感,而不太注重事实,表达得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性,具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用一般说来,凡事物,都可适当地利用夸张去修饰 20E.g. 1).Thank you very much. Thanks a million.2). She is very pretty. She is the prettiest girl in the world.3). He laughed heartily. He almost died laughing.21ØThe tumult reached the stars.(闹声震天) ØMy gray hair can make a long long rope.(白发三千丈) ØI haven’t seen you for ages.(几辈子不见了) ØHaving been elected chairman, he felt as if he were on the top of the world.(被选为主席后,他感觉似乎站在了地球之巅) ØHe hurried to the railway station, looking at his watch a hundred times.(他匆匆朝火车站去,看了一百遍表。
) More Examples:22(2) Ways of creating hyperboles:Ø By the use of numerals利用数词利用数词 E.g. His eyes fell on the page, but his mind was a million miles away.(他的眼睛在书页上,可心思却在十万八千里之外)Ø By the use of extreme words利用极端概念利用极端概念 E.g. ①I’ll keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我将把秘密保持到世界末日) ②I will love you till the seas gone dry, the rocks melt with the sun.(我爱你到海枯石烂) Ø By the use of certain adjectives and adverbs利用形容词和副词利用形容词和副词 E.g. ①The cost mounted to astronomical figures.(花销达到天文数字) ②I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本书想得要命。
) 如果用terrible, terrific, awful, horrible, fantastic等感情强烈的词去修饰并不重要的事情,就具有夸张的成分23(2) Ways of creating hyperboles:ØBy the use of superlative degree of adjectives or adverbs利用形容词利用形容词和副词的最高级和副词的最高级 E.g. ①I’m the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人) ②Shakespeare is universally well known. (莎士比亚名冠天下) Ø By the use of nouns利用名词利用名词 E.g. ①He is always punctual as the Big Ben.(他总是守时如大本钟) ②They cried to high heaven for a timely rainfall.(他们喊声震天乞求及时雨Ø By the use of verbs241). She laughed, and the whole world laughed with her.2). “I’m the happiest man in the world,” he whispered to himself. “I’m the happiest man in the world.”3). I was scared to death. He put a red-hot boiled potato down my back4). I beg 1000 pardons. 5). He smoked like a chimney. 6). She wept oceans of tears. 7). His anger nearly burst his belly.E.g. 2511.4 Understatement 含蓄陈述含蓄陈述 (1)Definition:ØIt is a figure of speech in which an idea is deliberately expressed too weakly. It is the opposite of hyperbole.ØIt is used to play down or to minimize the importance of it .ØThe purpose is to draw the attention of the audience to the subject or the idea so as to lay emphasis on it. ü She was not without ambition. She was quite ambitious.ü He was a man of no mean wealth. He was quite rich.ü That’s no laughing matter. That’s a serious matter.E.g. 26ØHe didn’t try in vain.ØHe is no mean opponent in the coming debate.ØThose may be harsh judgments, but they are judgments which many people will undoubtedly make, and not without justification.ØThat’s no laughing matter.ØHe was a little annoyed when he found his valuable vase broken 汉语低调陈述汉语低调陈述: 略知一二;不虚此行;毋庸置疑;不能掉以轻心;略知一二;不虚此行;毋庸置疑;不能掉以轻心;2711.5 Irony 反反语(1)Definition:Ø Irony is a figure of speech in which the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.ØIt involves the perception or awareness of discrepancy or incongruity between words and their meaning, between actions and their results, or between appearance and reality.E.g. 1) He reported , “ one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler man in a night . ” (Noel Grove) (他报道说他报道说, “你可以在任何地方设一你可以在任何地方设一个陷阱个陷阱, 一夜就可捉到十几个比较有能力的人。
一夜就可捉到十几个比较有能力的人) abler 原义为原义为“更有能力的更有能力的”, 这里反其义而用之这里反其义而用之 282) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时这位勤奋的小伙子每周读书很少超过一个小时) 这里的这里的hard-working 实实指指lazy , 深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰深刻地讽刺了他的懒惰 3) Yes , he is “lazy”. He just works at least 10 hours every day. (嗯嗯, 他是他是“懒懒”; 他每天不过至少才干十个小时他每天不过至少才干十个小时) 这里的这里的lazy 是反话正说是反话正说, 是反驳29(2) Three categories of IronyØ Verbal irony: Verbal irony is the simple form of irony, and can be subdivided into light irony and heavy irony. p Light ironyp Heavy irony (or satire or sarcasm) üWrite hurriedly, preferably when tired. Have no plans; write down items as they occur to you … hand in your manuscript the moment it is finished. üO Lord our God, help us to tear their soldiers to bloody shreds with our shells; help us to cover their smiling fields with the pale forms of their patriot dead; help us to drown the thunder of the guns with the shrieks of their wounded writhing in pain; help us to lay waste their humble homes with a hurricane of fire 30ØSituational ironySituational irony occurs when there is a discrepancy or incongruity between what appears, or is believed, to be the case and the real state of affairs.Ø Quotation irony31 11.6 Innuendo 暗讽;暗贬暗讽;暗贬(1)Definition:ØIt is a figure of speech in which moderate and allusive words and tone are used to make comments or pass criticisms upon a person or thing. ØIt enables a speaker to be impolite while seeming to be polite, but does it in a more indirect way. It hints or implies sth. uncomplimentary without plainly saying it. E.g. The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. My husband has been sober several times in the past five years. 32(2) Innuendo and IronyØboth featured by the incongruity between its literal meaning and its intended meaning. ØWith irony, the intended meaning is explicit: it is expressed by the opposite of the literal meaning of the word used. Øwith innuendo, the intended meaning is implicit and the understanding of it depends on the context. Therefore, it is a mild irony.He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. With friends like him, who needs enemies?E.g. 3311.7 Euphemism 委婉语委婉语(1)Definition:(2) It is the substitution of an inoffensive or pleasant expression for a more unpleasant one, or for a term which evokes more directly a distasteful or taboo subject. Its function is to give a better sounding name, to soften the shock of reality or sometimes, or to cover up dreadful facts. 以较文雅,悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野,刺耳或直露的话。
(2) 英语中的委婉修辞大致可以分为两类,一类是用暗示手法,英语中的委婉修辞大致可以分为两类,一类是用暗示手法,转换角度使语言温和愉悦,另一类是用好字眼来代替不好的刺转换角度使语言温和愉悦,另一类是用好字眼来代替不好的刺眼的字眼眼的字眼 341.Your painting is not so good. (画画得差,却说成“不太好”,good总比bad好听)2.He wasn’t at all embarrassed by her low-income, and decided to marry her soon.(这里的low-income其实是贫穷poverty的婉转暗示) 3.Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city, ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others. (inner city用来婉称slum——贫民窟,表示了对那位黑人运动员的尊重) For Example:351.(3) Euphemism for unpleasant subjects:Ø About jobs and professions of low social standingü meat-cutters for butcherü domestic help for maidü sanitary engineer, city beautician for dustbin man 36ü beautician, hair stylist, cosmetologist for hairdresser;ümortician, bereavement counselor, grief therapist, funeral director for undertaker;üshoe rebuilder for cobbler;üsuperintendent, custodian for janitor;ü the oldest profession, the trade, the business for prostition;übody worker, street walker, call girl, lady of evening for prostitute.37Ø About politics, poverty and unemploymentE.g. ürecession/depression for economic crisis;üindustrial action for strike;üthe disadvantaged/the underprivileged for the poor people;üsustandard housing for slum;üin difficulties, in cash advance, in embarrasing obligation for in debt;üout of pocket, hard up, badly off for penniless;üout of the game for bankbrupt;38ØAbout disease, unpleasant personal appearance, death, old age.E.g.üPlump, stout, chubby for fat, üLean, slim, slender, willowy for thin, üslow learners, under-achievers for stupid pupils, ügetting on in years, past one’s prime for old age, übe called to God, to breath one’s last, fall asleep, go to heaven, rest forever for die 39ØAbout war and military actionE.g. üInvolvement, police action for invasion, aggression, üAmerican presence for US overseas military deployment, übreak off contact with the enemy for be defeated 40ØAbout sexualityE.g. üfree love for trial marriage/cohabitation, ülove child for illegitimate child/bastard, üspouse equivalent for homosexual partnerüUnmarried wife for mistress for illicit lover of a married man,etc.üMisconduct, intimacy for adultery;üMake love with, go to bed with, stay the night with for have sex with.41ØAbout crimesE.g. ücorrectional center for prison, üto live at the government’s expense for to be sent to prison or to be jailed42Ø About urination and defecationE.g.üwashroom/bathroom/restroom/powder room/convenient room for toilet üpay a call/visit the necessary/answer nature’s call/retire for a moment/make oneself comfortable for go to the toilet, urinate, defecateüdo number one, pass water for urinate(小便小便)üdo number two for defecate(大便大便)übehind for buttocks(屁股屁股)üperiods, friend, visitor, red letter day for menstruation(月经月经)43More ExamplesØAnd , it being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens, Davidcopperfield) 正是退潮的时候,他跟潮水一道走了。
溺水而死)ØIf you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .(Oscar Wilde) 如果你愿意的话,我去给你叫辆车下逐客令)ØI am afraid she can’t act that part----She is a little on the plump side. 恐怕她扮演不了那个角色----她有些发福44ØWe had three main difficulties with regard to those documents. 关于那些文件,我们有三个主要的不便同意之处Difficulty=disagreementØThe U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges that all the Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is part of China. The United States does not challenge that position. 美国方面声明,美国认识到,在台湾海峡两岸的所有中国人都认为只有美国方面声明,美国认识到,在台湾海峡两岸的所有中国人都认为只有一个中国,台湾是中国的一部分,美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
一个中国,台湾是中国的一部分,美国政府对这一立场不提出异议4511.8 Oxymoron 矛盾法矛盾法(1)Definition:ØIt is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory expression are juxtaposed for witty or striking effect.ØIt shows the complexity of a situation where two apparently opposite things are simultaneously true, either literally or imaginatively.Ø矛盾修饰法,顾名思义,这种修饰法就是把明显矛盾的词用在一起,以产生语矛盾修饰法,顾名思义,这种修饰法就是把明显矛盾的词用在一起,以产生语言上的奇效既然是矛盾的词,其词汇意义往往相对立,形成反义关系,它们言上的奇效既然是矛盾的词,其词汇意义往往相对立,形成反义关系,它们用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立,同时又协调统一的方面用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立,同时又协调统一的方面。
46Why, then, O brawling(争吵,打架争吵,打架) love! O loving hate!O any thing, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! serious vanity(空虚,自负空虚,自负)!Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!This love feel I, that feel no love in this.E.g.47ØThe interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted. (“morning”不可能“endless”,因为“interview”把人搞得“exhausted”,才有了时间上的“endless”把有限和无限的东西放在一起,形成矛盾修饰) Ø He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.(他坐在那儿注视着他们,觉得眼前的景象既是始终如一,又是变化多端,既是光彩夺目,又是朦胧黑暗,既是庄严肃穆,又是轻松愉快。
) More Examples:48(2) Ways of forming oxymoron:Ø adj. + n. E.g. careful carelessness, tearful joy, tearful smileØ adj. + adj. E.g. bitter sweet, cold pleasant, poor richØ adv. + adj. E.g. mercifully fatal, dully bright, pleasantly melancholy, wisely stupid Ø v. + adv. E.g. hasten slowly, shine darkly Ø participle + n. E.g. living death, devastating beauty, crowed solitude, loving hate49Øcruel kindness 残酷的仁慈 Øpainful pleasure 悲喜交加 Øugly beautiful 丑中带俊 Øwise fool 聪明的傻瓜 Øloving hate 爱恨交织 Øunfaithful faith 不坚定的信心 Øold young man 事故的年轻人Øwalking dead 行尸走肉 More Examples:50(1) Definition: It compares two things, which are alike in various respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or complex idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to a familiar one.11.9 Analogy 比比拟;;类比比E.g. You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table. It is not your trade to make tables. 51(2) Analogy vs. simile:ØSimile and analogy often overlap;ØYet simile is generally a more likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis;ØWhile analogy serves a more practical end, explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete. ØTherefore, analogy is more extended.52(1) Definition: Paradox is a statement, which is apparently self-contradictory. It usually has two parallel elements that appear to be logically contradictory and yet contain a truth. E.g. The more you give, the more you have. A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. A lover of peace emerged as a magnificent leader of war. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. When everything is important, nothing is. Only the man who has known fear can be truly brave. He who praises everybody praises nobody. The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth)11.10 Paradox 矛盾隽矛盾隽语;逆;逆说;悖;悖论53(2) Difference between Paradox and oxymoron:ØIn oxymoron, two opposite words are used together for the purpose of making contrast, emphasis, or humor; Øwhile in paradox, two opposite concepts are combined for the purpose of forming a concise statement to illuminate a truth or to provoke a thought.5455结束结束。
