环境工程专业英语考试(完整版).doc

环境与生态:LESSON1:环境与环境工程To the environmental engineer,the word environment may take on global dimensions(维面积尺度),may refer to a very localized(局部化地方化) area in which a specific problem must be addressed(致辞谈到),or may,in the case of contained environments,refer to a small volume of liquid,gaseous(气的),or solid materials within a treatment-plant(处理厂) reactor(反应器).┃The global environment consists of the atmosphere(大气圈),the hydrosphere(水圈),the lithosphere(岩石圈) in which the life-sustaining(供养) resources of the earth are contained.┃The biosphere(生物圈),a thin shell that encapsulates(密封加浓) the earth,is made up of the atmosphere and lithosphere adjacent(接近的临近的) to the surface of the earth,together with the hydrosphere and the life forms of earth. ┃Life-sustaining materials in gaseous,liquid,and solid forms are cycled though the biosphere,providing sustenance to all living organisms(生物).Life-sustaining resources(air,food,water)are withdrawn from the biosphere.It is also into the biosphere that waste products in gaseous,liquid and solid forms are discharged(排放).┃Environment engineering has been defined as the branch of engineering that is concerned with(关心) protecting the environment from the potential(潜在的),deleterious(有害的) effects of human activity,protecting human populations from the effect of adverse environmental factors,and improving environmental quality for human health and well-being(幸福福利).┃Humans interact with their environment(sometimes adversely impacting the environment and sometimes being adversely impacted by pollutants in the environment.An understanding of the nature of the environment and of human interaction with it is a necessary prerequisite(前提) to understanding the work for the environmental engineering.Adverse(a.不利的反对的)metamorphosis(n.变化)interflow(n.v.补给流通) mantle(n.v.披风覆盖物)withdraw(v.退回提取)assimilate(v.同化吸收) disperse(v.消散)dilute(v.扩大稀释)debris(n.残骸)alteration(n.变更) erode(v.侵蚀腐蚀)contained(封闭的包含的)evolve(进化)LESSON2:生态学 The science of ecology defines(定义)”ecosystems”as groups of organisms which interact with each other and the physical environment,and which affect the population of the various species in the environment.┃Some ecosystems are fragile(脆弱的),while others ate resilient(能恢复的) and able to withstand(承受) even serious perturbations(混乱).One characteristic of a resilient ecosystem is that more than one species fills a “niche(食物链中一环)”within that system.┃Engineers must appreciate(评价) the fundamental(基本的) principles of ecology,and design with the environment,so as not to impact adversely on especially fragile ecosystems.The inclusion(包含加速) of ecological principles in engineering decisions is a major component of the environmental engineering profession.Inextricably(不能避免地)procreate(繁殖)outstrip(超过胜过)predator(捕食者)dynamic(动力的)homeostasis(动态平衡)detach(分开派遣)eradication(根除扑灭)locality(场所所在地)preserve(保护)LESSON3:环境问题 In many industrialized areas,ground water sources of drinking water are being threatened by the insidious(暗藏的) movement of hazardous(有害的) waste chemical leachates(沥滤液) through ground water aquifers(地下含水层).┃It is essentisl to recognize the fact that science and technology must play key roles in solving environ-mental ptoblems.Only through the proper application of science and technology,under the direction of people with a strong environmental consciousness(环境意识) and a basic knowledge of the environmental sciences,can humankind survive on the limited resources of this planet.┃Environmental problems are always interrelated.Sometimes a solution to one problem actually creates another problem.Mundane(世俗的)bounty(施舍)infant(婴儿)mortality(死亡率)outbreak(爆发)pesticide(农药)population explosion(人口爆炸)natural habitat(自然栖息地)parasite(寄生虫)LESSON4 人类对环境的影响 In a natural state,earth’s life forms live in equilibrium(平衡均衡) with their environment.┃Early socieries were primarily concerned with meeting natural needs,needs humans share in common with most of the higher mammals(哺乳动物).These peoples had not yet begun to be concerned with meeting the acquired(获得) needs associated with more advanced civilizations(文明).┃Only as early people began to gather together in larger,more or less stable groupings did their impact upon their local environments begin to be significant.┃Unlike the natural needs ,acquired needs are usually met by items that must be processed or manufacturered(大量制造) or refined(提炼),and the production,distribution,and use of such items usually results in more complex residuals(剩余物),many of which are not compatible(相容的) with or readily assimilated by the environment.The impact of modern human populations upon the environment is if major concern to the environmental engineer.Species(物种)govern(管理支配)versatile(多面的)thrive /flourish (兴/繁盛)anthropogenic/human-induced(人类产生的)shelter(遮蔽物)unprocessed(未加工的)nomadic(游牧的)innocuous(无害的)stink(恶臭)chimney(烟囱)harbor(庇护)pest(害虫)prelude(前奏)evidence(证据迹象)insulaton(隔离绝缘)mining(采矿业)extract(萃取)petroleum(石油)get rid of(除去)socioeconomic(社会经济的)ladder(阶梯)luxury(奢侈)deposit(贮存)大气：LESSON6 大气圈的。