
期货市场的运作机制培训课程.ppt
74页Chapter 2Mechanics of Futures Markets期货市场的运作机制期货市场的运作机制n本章将详细介绍期货市场的具体运作机制将讨论合约条款的约定、保证金账户的运作、交易所的组织结构、市场监管规则、期货报价方式以及期货的会计和税务处理等内容还将讨论期货与远期合约的不同之处,并解释造成这两类合约所实现的收益不同的原因石油期货石油期货n能源期货交易始于1978年,当时在纽约商品交易所开始交易石油期货,接着在1983年和1985年分别引进了原油期货和无铅汽油期货石油期货合约约定,在今后某个时间,卖方向买方交付一定数量、某种等级的石油,价格在签订合约的当天确定,而该合约在指定期货市场上交易,如纽约商品交易所n期货合同最主要的一个特征是标准化例如,纽约商品交易所有一种原油期货合约,标的是美国德克萨斯州西部地区中等原油(硫含量及比重都有规定),数量为1000桶该合同以美元/每桶计价,每月到期一次,到期日是交付当月25日之前的第三个工作日n标准化旨在减少交易费用,加强合同的流动性标准化也是期货合同和远期合约的分界岭后者是为签约双方度身定做的合同,以满足特定的需求天然气期货天然气期货n天然气期货指的是双方签署协议,规定卖方将在未来一定的时间在指定的地点以事先约定的价格,向买方出售一定数量的天然气。
n天然气期货的期权n看涨期权使得持有者有权利(而无义务)在到期日时以事先约定的价格(执行价格)买入一定量的天然气期货若到期日时,期货价格高于执行价格,则看涨期权得以执行,期权持有者得到该期货合约,可以立即出售并获利,也可以持有该期货直至到期相反,若到期日时,期货价格低于执行价格,该期权将作废,持有者的损失仅限于权利金交易品种黄大豆1号交易单位10吨/手报价单位人民币最小变动价位1元/吨涨跌板幅度上一交易日结算价的4%合约交割月份1,3,5,7,9,11交易时间9:00-11:30,13:30-15:00最后交易日合约月份第十个交易日DCEDCE黄大豆一号期货合约黄大豆一号期货合约(1)(1)DCEDCE黄大豆一号期货合约黄大豆一号期货合约(2)(2)最后交割日最后交易日后七日(遇法定节假日顺延)交割等级:具体内容见附表交割地点大连商品交易所指定交割仓库交易保证金合约价值的5%交易手续费不超过4元/手交割方式实物交割合约代码A上市交易所大连商品交易所附表:品质技术要求附表:品质技术要求交割等级纯粮率最低指标升水贴水标准品三等黄大豆91%————替代品一等黄大豆96%30元/吨——二等黄大豆93.5%10元/吨——四等黄大豆88.5——30元/吨种皮:黄色混有异色粒限度为5.0%杂质:低于1 .0 %水分:13.0%气味色泽:正常注:1、黄大豆:种皮为黄色,脐色为黄褐、淡褐、深褐、黑色或其它颜色,粒形一般为圆形、椭圆形或扁圆形;2、转基因大豆不得以标准品或替代品交割;3、标准品交割价=交割结算价;4、替代品交割价=交割结算价+替代品升贴水+质量差异升扣价;5、质量检验标准及方法按照GB5490~5539-85《粮食、油料及植物油脂检验》执行;6、卫生标准和动植物检疫项目按国家有关规定执行;7、水份、杂质允许范围见附表2;8、包装物具体要求详见大商所交割的有关规定;9、入库指标:粗脂肪酸价≤3.5、蛋白质溶解比率≥75;出库指标:粗脂肪酸价≤5、蛋白质溶解比率≥60。
附表附表2 2:质量差异升扣价:质量差异升扣价项目质量标准允许范围质量差异(高+;低-)升扣价(元/吨)水分13%11、1、3月份合约<15%,5、7、9合约月份≤13.5%-1.0%+20+1.0%-55杂质1%<2.0%-0.5%+10+0.5%-30注:水分:1.升水升至水份含量12.0%;2.低于或高于标准不足1.0%不计算升扣价杂质:低于或高于标准不足0.5% 不计算升扣价玉米期货合约(修改后)玉米期货合约(修改后)n1 范围n本标准规定了用于大连商品交易所交割的黄玉米质量指标、分级标准及检验方法n本标准适用于大连商品交易所玉米期货合约交割标准品和替代品n2 引用标准n下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款凡是注日期的引用文件,其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本标准凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适用于本标准nGB 1353-2009 玉米nGB/T 20570-2006 玉米储存品质判定规则沪深沪深300指数期货合约表指数期货合约表合约标的沪深300指数合约乘数每点300元报价单位指数点最小变动价位0.2点合约月份当月、下月及随后两个季月交易时间上午:9:15-11:30,下午:13:00-15:15最后交易日交易时间上午:9:15-11:30,下午:13:00-15:00每日价格最大波动限制上一个交易日结算价的±10%最低交易保证金合约价值的12%最后交易日合约到期月份的第三个周五,遇国家法定假日顺延交割日期同最后交易日交割方式现金交割交易代码IF上市交易所中国金融期货交易所2.1 2.1 背景知识背景知识n期货的来历n长头寸、多头(long position)n短头寸、空头(short position)n芝加哥期货交易所是当前世界上最具代表性的农产品交易所。
1848年,由82位谷物交易商发起组建了芝加哥期货交易所,1865年用标准的期货合约期货合约取代了远期合同远期合同,并实行了保证金制度保证金制度2006年10月17日美国芝加哥商业交易所(CME)和芝加哥期货交易所(CBOT)宣布已经就合并事宜达成最终协议,两家交易所合并成全球最大的衍生品交易所——芝加哥芝加哥交易所集团交易所集团我国四大期货交易所详细交易时间一览表我国四大期货交易所详细交易时间一览表n上海期货交易所 8:55-8:58(集合竞价) 8:59(撮合时间) 上午 9:00-10: 15 10:30-11:30 下午 13:30-14:10 14:20-15:00n大连商品交易所 8:55-8:58(集合竞价) 8:59(撮合时间) 上午 9:00-10:15 10:30-11:30 下午 13:30-15:00n郑州商品交易所 8:55-8:58(集合竞价) 8:59(撮合时间) 上午 9:00-10:15 10:30-11:30 下午 13:30-15:00 n中国金融期货交易所 9:10-9:13(集合竞价)9:14(撮合时间) 上午 9:15-11:30 下午 13:00-15:15 最后交易日交易时间 上午9:15-11:30 下午13:00-15:00n期货价格(futures price)n期货合约的平仓n平仓(closing out a position)n获取一个与初始交易头寸相反的头寸。
n投资者的损益反映了持有期间期货价格的变化n正是因为有最后交割的可能性,才使得期货价格期货价格和现货价格现货价格/即期价格即期价格联系起来业界事例业界事例2-1 2-1 一个期货合约中不曾预料到的一个期货合约中不曾预料到的交割交割n这个故事(也许是不真实的)是一家金融机构的高级主管告诉本书作者的金融机构招进了一个新雇员,他以前没有在金融部门工作的经历金融机构的一位客户为了套期保值,以通常的方式买入了活牛期货客户指示最后交易日进行进行平仓在CME集团中交易的每份活牛期货合约的规模为40000磅活牛金融机构指定这位新雇员管理该客户的账户n平仓时刻到来之时,雇员确认该客户持有的是一份合约的多头,所以他指示了交易所的交易员买入(而不是卖出)一份合约这一错误的指示造成金融机构最后持有了两份活牛合约多头发现这一错误的时候,该合约的交易已经终止了金融机构(不是客户)需要对错误负责任金融机构开始查看活牛期货合约的交割安排细节,这是该机构之前从来没做过的事情合约条款表明,空头方可以在交割月中将活牛交割到美国的几个不同地区因为金融机构持有多头,它只能等待空头方向交易所提交交割意向通知书,而交易所再将通知书传达给金融机构。
n金融机构最终接受到交易所的通知,在下个星期二,活牛将被送到2000英里之外的一个地点新雇员被派遣到该地点处理相关事务结果他发现那一地点每个星期二都有活牛拍卖会空头方在拍卖会买了活牛并直接把活牛交割给该雇员不幸的是,直到下一次拍卖会,这些活牛不能重新卖出雇员面临的问题是在这一周内,如何放置以及喂养活牛这是该雇员首次在金融部门工作的艰难启程!2.2 2.2 期货合约的规定期货合约的规定n资产n合约的规模n交割安排n交割月份:期货合约通常以其交割月份来命名n期货报价n每日价格变动的限制和头寸限制n阻止由于过度的投机而造成价格的巨幅变化n防止投机者对市场波动施加不正当的影响n若某一机构掌握了多度的头寸,则很有可能扭曲价格和价格波动,最后会影响市场的风险分配机制,并给最终消费者带来不利的影响Futures ContractsFutures ContractsnAvailable on a wide range of assetsnExchange tradednSpecifications need to be defined:qWhat can be delivered,qWhere it can be delivered, & qWhen it can be deliverednSettled daily272014.2.23 沪深沪深300指数指数(000300.SH)2264.292.3 2.3 期货价格收敛到即期价格的特性期货价格收敛到即期价格的特性Convergence of Futures to Spot TimeTime(a)(b)FuturesPriceFuturesPriceSpot PriceSpot Price29n是期货价格收敛于现货价格还是现货价格收敛于期货价格?或者同时收敛于一点?n如何实证?n1730年,日本开始采用稻米期货合约标准交易。
这些合约与现在很多交易所的商品期货合约完全相同,但是有一个例外:它并不需要对所交易商品进行实物交割期货合约可以买卖,但它不需要稻米实物的交割然而,一个问题出现了:虽然稻米的现金交易价格波动很小,但期货交易价格波动很大,而且一直如此1869年,政府终于再也不能忍受这种情况,下令关闭了期货市场n但是怪事出现了:期货市场刚一关闭,实物市场便开始剧烈波动两年后,市场一片混乱,政府不得不恢复期货交易不过,这次与以前不同了,期货交易必须伴随基础市场的实物交割,这样市场才逐渐稳定下来2.4 2.4 保证金的运作保证金的运作 MarginsnA margin is cash or marketable securities deposited by an investor with his or her brokernThe balance in the margin account is adjusted to reflect daily settlementnMargins minimize the possibility of a loss through a default on a contract32Example of a Futures Trade (page 27-29)nAn investor takes a long position in 2 December gold futures contracts on June 5qcontract size is 100 oz.qfutures price is US$1250qinitial margin requirement is US$6,000/contract (US$12,000 in total)qmaintenance margin is US$4,500/contract (US$9,000 in total)33A Possible Outcome (Table 2.1, page 28)DayTrade Price ($)Settle Price ($)Daily Gain ($)Cumul. Gain ($)Margin Balance ($)Margin Call ($)11,250.0012,00011,241.00−1,800− 1,80010,20021,238.30 −540 −2,340 9,660…..…..…..…..……61,236.20 −780 −2,760 9,24071,229.90−1,260 −4,020 7,9804,02081,230.80 180 −3,84012,180…..…..…..…..……161,226.90 780 −4,62015,18034Margin Cash Flows When Futures Price IncreasesLong TraderBrokerClearing HouseMember Clearing HouseClearing HouseMember BrokerShort Trader35Margin Cash Flows When Futures Price DecreasesLong TraderBrokerClearing HouseMember Clearing HouseClearing HouseMember BrokerShort Trader36Some TerminologynOpen interest: the total number of contracts outstanding qequal to number of long positions or number of short positionsnSettlement price: the price just before the final bell each day qused for the daily settlement processnVolume of trading: the number of trades in one day37Key Points About FuturesnThey are settled dailynClosing out a futures position involves entering into an offsetting tradenMost contracts are closed out before maturity38Crude Oil Trading on May 26, 2010OpenHighLowSettleChangeVolumeOpen IntJul 201070.0671.7069.2171.512.766,315388,902Aug 201071.2572.7770.4272.542.443,746115,305Dec 201074.0075.3473.1775.232.195,055196,033Dec 201177.0178.5976.5178.532.004,175100,674Dec 201278.5080.2178.5080.181.861,258 70,12639n结算中心与结算保证金n信用风险2.5 场外市场场外市场 Collateralization in OTC Marketsn抵押制度nIt is becoming increasingly common for transactions to be collateralized in OTC marketsnConsider transactions between companies A and BnThese might be be governed by an ISDA Master agreement with a credit support annex (CSA)nThe CSA might require A to post collateral with B equal to the value to B of its outstanding transactions with B when this value is positive.41Collateralization in OTC Markets continuednIf A defaults, B is entitled to take possession of the collateralnThe transactions are not settled daily and interest is paid on cash collateralnSee Business Snapshot 2.2 for how collateralization affected Long Term Capital Management when there was a “flight to quality” in 2008. 42业界事例业界事例2-2 长期资本管理公司的巨大损失长期资本管理公司的巨大损失n20世纪90年代中期成立的对冲基金长期资本管理公司(LTCM)在其交易中一直采用抵押品条款,这家对冲基金的投资策略为收敛套利策略收敛套利策略,这一策略的简单例子如下:假如X和Y是同一家公司发行的两种债券,X和Y具有相同的收益,但X的流动性比Y要差(X的交易没有Y活跃),市场对于较强的流动性会给予一定的补尝,因此X的价格比Y要低一些。
LTCM在交易中首先对X持长头寸,并对Y持短头寸,之后等待在将来某个时刻两种债券的价格趋向一致,这样就可以达到套利目的n当利率增长时,LTCM预计债券价格下降的数量基本相同,因此对于X债券付出的抵押品与Y债券收入的抵押品基本相同;类似地,当利率下降时, LTCM预计债券价格上涨的数量也会基本相同,因此因抵押条约造成的资金外流不会很大n1998年8月,俄罗斯对本国国债违约,造成了资本市场的“择优而栖择优而栖”现象现象,使得流动性较强的产品的价格与流动性差的产品价格之间的差价比平时要高得多,因此在LTCM投资组合中流动性较强的产品与流动性较差的产品的差价急剧增大,买入的债券价格大幅下降,而卖出的债券价格急剧上升这时,无论对长头寸还是短头寸交易都必须注入抵押品,公司的财务又处于高杠杆状态(高负债比率)由于LTCM不能满足抵押品的要求,因此必须对交易进行平仓,从而给LTCM造成了40亿美元的损失假如财务并不处于高杠杆状态, LTCM也许能够承受“择优而栖”现象带来的压力,这样公司就有机会等到流动性强的产品价格和流动性差的产品价格趋向一致的时候Clearing Houses and OTC Marketsn场外市场的中心结算nTraditionally transactions have been cleared bilaterally in OTC marketsnFollowing the 2007-2009 crisis, the has been a requirement for most standardized OTC derivatives transactions to be cleared centrally though clearing houses.46Bilateral Clearing vs Central Clearing House 47业界事例业界事例2-3 系统风险系统风险n系统风险是指由某一家金融机构违约而促成的连锁反应,一家银行的违约会触发其他银行违约,从而对整个金融系统的稳定造成威胁。
这是因为在银行之间存在大量的场外交易,当银行A破产时,银行B因为与银行A之间的交易而蒙受巨大损失,从而可能会造成银行B破产,银行C可能同银行A及银行B之间都有交易,因此银行C也可能遭遇巨大损失,从而也会给C的运作带来巨大的困难,依次类推n金融系统在1990年的德崇证券(Drexel)危机及2008年雷曼兄弟破产危机中幸免,但监管人员仍然忧心忡忡在2007~2008年的金融动荡中,政府拯救了许多大型金融机构使其免于破产,其原因是政府对系统风险的顾虑德崇证券德崇证券(Drexel Burnham Lambert )的破的破产过程产过程nAccording to Dan Stone, a former Drexel executive, the firm's aggressive culture led many Drexel employees to stray into unethical, and sometimes illegal, conduct. Milken himself viewed the securities laws, rules and regulations with some degree of contempt, and often condoned unethical and illegal behavior by his colleagues at Drexel's operation in Beverly Hills.[5] However, he personally called Joseph, who believed in following the rules to the letter, on several occasions with ethical questions.[7]The firm was first rocked on May 12, 1986, when Dennis Levine, a Drexel managing director and investment banker, was charged with insider trading. Levine had spent virtually his entire career on Wall Street trading on inside information, unknown to Drexel management when he was hired in 1985. Levine pleaded guilty to four felonies, and implicated one of his recent partners, super-arbitrageur Ivan Boesky. Largely based on information Boesky promised to provide about his dealings with Milken, the Securities and Exchange Commission initiated an investigation of Drexel on November 17. Two days later, Rudy Giuliani, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, launched his own investigation. Ominously, Milken refused to cooperate with Drexel's own internal investigation, only speaking through his attorneys. [5]For two years, Drexel steadfastly denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the criminal and SEC cases were based almost entirely on the statements of an admitted felon looking to reduce his sentence. However, it was not enough to keep the SEC from suing Drexel in September 1988 for insider trading, stock manipulation, defrauding its clients and stock parking (buying stocks for the benefit of another). All of the transactions involved Milken and his department. The most intriguing charge was that Boesky paid Drexel $5.3 million in 1986 for Milken's share of profits from illegal trading. Earlier in the year, Boesky characterized the payment as a consulting fee to Drexel. nAround the same year, Giuliani began seriously considering indicting Drexel under the powerful Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, under the doctrine that companies are responsible for an employee's crimes.[5]The threat of a RICO indictment unnerved many at Drexel. A RICO indictment would have required the firm to put up a performance bond of as much as $1 billion in lieu of having its assets frozen. This provision was put in the law because organized crime had a habit of absconding with the funds of indicted companies, and the writers of RICO wanted to make sure there was something to seize or forfeit in the event of a guilty verdict. Unfortunately, most of Drexel's capital was borrowed money, as is common with most Wall Street firms (in Drexel's case, 96 percent—by far the most of any firm). This debt would have to take second place to this performance bond. Additionally, if the bond ever had to be paid, Drexel's stockholders would have been all but wiped out. Due to this, banks will not extend credit to a firm under a RICO indictment.[5]nBy this time, several Drexel executives—including Joseph—concluded that Drexel could not survive a RICO indictment, especially after Princeton Newport Partners, a small investment partnership, was forced to close its doors in the summer of 1988. Princeton Newport had been indicted under RICO, and the prospect of a huge performance bond forced its shutdown well before the trial. Joseph said years later that he'd been told that if Drexel were indicted under RICO, it would only survive a month at most.[6] Nonetheless, negotiations for a possible plea agreement collapsed on December 19 when Giuliani demanded that Drexel waive its attorney-client privilege. He also demanded that Milken leave the firm if the government ever indicted him. These terms were far too much even for those who had advocated a settlement from the beginning, and Drexel's board unanimously rejected the terms. For a time, it looked like Drexel was going to fight.[5]nOnly two days later, however, Drexel lawyers found out about a limited partnership, MacPherson Partners, they previously hadn't known about. This partnership had been involved in the issuing of bonds for Storer Broadcasting. Several equity warrants were sold to one client who sold them back to Milken's department. Milken then sold the warrants to MacPherson Partners. The limited partners included several of Milken's children, and more ominously, managers of money funds. This partnership raised the specter of self-dealing, and at worst, bribes to the money managers. At the very least, this was a serious breach of Drexel's internal regulations. Drexel immediately reported this partnership to Giuliani, and its revelation seriously hurt Milken's credibility with many at Drexel who believed in Milken's innocence—including Joseph and most of the board.[5][6]With literally minutes to go before being indicted (according to at least one source, the grand jury was actually in the process of voting on the indictment), Drexel reached an agreement with the government in which it pleaded nolo contendere (no contest) to six felonies—three counts of stock parking and three counts of stock manipulation. [5] It also agreed to pay a fine of $650 million—at the time, the largest fine ever levied under the Great Depression-era securities laws. The government had dropped several of the demands that had initially angered Drexel, but continued to insist that Milken leave the firm if indicted—which he did shortly after his own indictment in March 1989.[6][2] Most sources say that Drexel pleaded guilty, but in truth, Drexel only admitted that it was "not in a position to dispute the allegations." Nonetheless, Drexel was now a convicted felon.nIn April 1989, Drexel settled with the SEC, agreeing to stricter safeguards on its oversight procedures. Later that month, the firm eliminated 5,000 jobs by shuttering three departments—including the retail brokerage operation. In essence, Drexel was jettisoning the core of the old Burnham & Company.[5] The retail accounts were eventually sold to Smith Barney.[9]Due to several deals that didn't work out, as well as an unexpected crash of the junk bond market, 1989 was a difficult year for Drexel even after it settled the criminal and SEC cases. Reports of an $86 million loss going into the fourth quarter resulted in the firm's commercial paper rating being cut in late November. This made it nearly impossible for Drexel to reborrow its outstanding commercial paper, and it had to be repaid. Rumors abounded that the banks could yank Drexel's lines of credit at any time. Unfortunately, Drexel had no corporate parent that could pump in cash, unlike most American financial institutions. Groupe Bruxelles Lambert refused to even consider making an equity investment until Joseph improved the bottom line. The firm posted a $40 million loss for 1989—the first operating loss in its 54-year history.[5]nDrexel managed to survive into 1990 by transferring some of the excess capital from its regulated broker/dealer subsidiary into the Drexel holding company—only to be ordered to stop by the SEC in February out of concerns about the broker's solvency. This sent Joseph and other senior executives into a near-panic. After the SEC, the New York Stock Exchange, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York cast doubts about a restructuring plan, Joseph concluded that Drexel could not stay independent. Unfortunately, concerns about possible liability to civil suits scared off prospective buyers.[5][6]By February 12, it was obvious Drexel was headed for collapse. Its commercial paper rating was further reduced that day. Joseph's last resort was a bailout by the government. Unfortunately for Drexel, one of first hostile deals came back to haunt it at this point. Unocal's investment bank at the time of Pickens' raid on it was the establishment firm of Dillon, Read—and its former chairman, Nicholas F. Brady, was now Secretary of the Treasury. Brady had never forgiven Drexel for its role in the Unocal deal, and would notneven consider signing off on a bailout. Accordingly, he, the SEC, the NYSE and the Fed strongly advised Joseph to file for bankruptcy. Later the next day, Drexel officially filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. [6] DBL Trading, a subsidiary, was involved in the temporary gold loan default with the Central Bank of Portugal at that time.Even before the firm's bankruptcy, Tubby Burnham spun off the firm's funds management arm as Burnham Financial Group, which currently operates as a diversified investment company. Burnham was reportedly still arranging deals until his death at age 93.[9] The rest of Drexel emerged from bankruptcy in 1992 as New Street Capital, a small investment bank with only 20 employees (at its height, Drexel employed over 10,000 people).[2] In 1994, New Street merged with Green Capital, a merchant bank owned by Atlanta financier Holcombe Green.[10]2.6 市场报价市场报价n价格n结算价格n交易量和未平仓合约数量n期货价格的规律n正向市场、反向市场n如果合约价格是期限的递增函数,称这种市场为“正常市场”。
n如果合约价格是期限的递减函数,称这种市场为“反向市场”n或者n由于持有成本的存在,期货价格总是高于现货价格,这是“正向市场”n但由于便利收益的存在,期货价格还回低于现货价格,这有点违背常理,是“反向市场”2.7 交割交割 DeliverynIf a futures contract is not closed out before maturity, it is usually settled by delivering the assets underlying the contract. When there are alternatives about what is delivered, where it is delivered, and when it is delivered, the party with the short position chooses.n A few contracts (for example, those on stock indices and Eurodollars) are settled in cash n现金结算60QuestionsnWhen a new trade is completed what are the possible effects on the open interest?nCan the volume of trading in a day be greater than the open interest?612.8 交易员类型和交易指令类型交易员类型和交易指令类型 Types of Ordersn交易员类型:n佣金经纪人n自营经纪人n投机者/交易员n短期投机者:可能只有几分钟n短线交易员/日间交易员:不超过一个交易日n头寸交易员:持有期较长n指令类型:n市场指令market ordern限价指令Limit n止损指令Stop-lossnStop-limitnMarket-if touchednDiscretionarynTime of daynOpennFill or kill2.9 制度制度 Regulation of Futures64n违规交易n操纵市场(corner the market,囤积合约)n如持有巨额多头合约,同时控制标的商品的供应n流通在外的期货合约数量超过了可用于交割的标的商品数量。
n空头头寸的持有者意识到他们将难以交割,只能绝望地在高价位平仓n挤空就是逼空:多头利用空头手中无货,把价格推到一个很高的地步,让空头认亏砍仓! n老鼠仓(老鼠仓(Rat Trading))是指庄家在用公有资金在拉升股价之前,先用自己个人(机构负责人,操盘手及其亲属,关系户)的资金在低位建仓,待用公有资金拉升到高位后个人仓位率先卖出获利金融伦理学金融伦理学n在金融伦理这一新兴领域中里,本书是一部开拓性的著作它以几例华尔街金融丑闻开篇,告诉人们,无论在个人的金融活动中,还是在金融市场及金融机构的运作中,伦理都是不可缺少的本书探讨了金融服务业、投资决策及公司金融管理等方面的各种实际问题,重点讨论了市场交易中的分平标准和信托公司及代理商在金融关系中的义务涉及的话题包括不道德的销售活动,资金管理者的个人交易,住宅抵押贷款中的歧视,机构投资者的角色,社会责任的投资活动,内幕交易,宣告破产的滥用,以及不友善的接受合并等等《金融伦理学》还对金融公司理论和公司金融目标的观念进行了批判性的考察,对金融中的伦理问题进行了严谨的分析2.10 会计和税收会计和税收 Accounting & TaxnIdeally hedging profits (losses) should be recognized at the same time as the losses (profits) on the item being hedgednIdeally profits and losses from speculation should be recognized on a mark-to-market basisnRoughly speaking, this is what the accounting and tax treatment of futures in the U.S. and many other countries attempt to achieven美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)n以公平价格计入资产负债表672.11 远期与期货合约比较远期与期货合约比较 Forward Contracts vs Futures Contracts (Table 2.3, page 41) Contract usually closed outPrivate contract between 2 partiesExchange tradedNon-standard contractStandard contractUsually 1 specified delivery dateRange of delivery datesSettled at end of contractSettled dailyDelivery or final cashsettlement usually occursprior to maturityFORWARDSFUTURESSome credit riskVirtually no credit risk68外汇报价外汇报价 Foreign Exchange QuotesnFutures exchange rates are quoted as the number of USD per unit of the foreign currencynForward exchange rates are quoted in the same way as spot exchange rates. This means that GBP, EUR, AUD, and NZD are quoted as USD per unit of foreign currency. Other currencies (e.g., CAD and JPY) are quoted as units of the foreign currency per USD.69小结小结n绝大部分最初订立的期货合约最终不进行标的资产的交割,而是在交割月份的交割日之前就进行了平仓。
但是,正是存在最后交割的可能性,决定着期货的价格对于每个期货合约来说,在一定的时间范围内都可以进行交割,且存在着一整套完整的交割程序有些合约,如标的资产为股票指数的期货合约,它们是以现金结算而不是交割标的资产n订立期货合约的细则是交易所的一项重要的活动任何合约的买卖双方必须知道什么产品可以交割、在什么地方交割以及在什么时候交割他们也必须知道如下细节:如交易时间、价格的报价方式、最大价格变动幅度等所有新合约必须得到LTCM的批准后才能进行交易n保证金是期货市场的一个重要组成部分投资者在其经纪人处开设一定的保证金账户保证金账户每日进行调整,以反映投资者的盈利或亏损如果价格发生了对投资者不利的变动,经纪人可能不时地要求投资者追加保证金经纪人或者是交易清算所会员,或者在清算所会员处开设一定的保证金账户每个清算所会员要在清算所开设一定的保证金账户清算所每日对保证金账户余额进行调整,以便反映会员所从事业务的盈利或亏损n交易所保证完整地、系统地收集有关的期货价格信息,并且可在几秒中内将信息传递给全世界的投资者许多报纸(如《华尔街日报》)每日都载有前一交易日的各种交易信息n远期合约和期货合约有一些不同之处。
远期合约由两个交易对方之间私下签约,而期货合约则在交易所进行标准化的交易远期合约一般指定一个特定的交割日期,而期货合约交割期限通常有个范围因为远期合约的交易不是在交易所中进行,所以远期合约没有标准化的合约条款远期合约通常在到期之前不进行结算,绝大多数都是到期时进行标的资产的交割或者以现金结算n在后面几个章节中,我们将更详细地考察远期合约和期货合约是怎样用于套期保值我们也将会看到远期价格和期货价格是如何决定的思考:思考:n金融投资在什么地方或者什么情景下变成了赌博?n什么是机会?n人生机会n经济机会n市场机会n套利机会套利交易 n别名:收购风云n主演:蒂姆·罗斯 理查·基尔 苏珊·萨兰登n导演:Nicholas Jareckin地区:美国n简介:60岁的罗伯特·米勒是个事业有成的亿万富翁,备受业界尊重和家人崇拜然而这都是表象,实际上他不仅私自在公司的账目上动手脚以掩盖投资损失和欺诈嫌疑,还背着妻子在外偷腥一天夜里,米勒因疲劳驾驶而发生车祸,情妇当场死亡,而他逃离现场为了掩盖涉嫌谋杀和保住商业洽谈,米勒开始疯狂地销毁和制造证据,然而随着探员布莱尔的层层介入,以及自己的女儿似乎也觉察了个中蹊跷,米勒渐渐发现,他在谎言的路上已经越走越远。












