多元与描写翻译学派课件.ppt

Polysystem & Polysystem & Descriptive translationEven-Zohar Even-Zohar （埃文（埃文 佐哈尔佐哈尔) ) Professor of University of Tel Aviv One of forerunners of translation studies Works: “Papers in Historical Poetics” 历史诗学论文集 (1978) 以色列当代著名的文学家及翻译理论家，是特拉维夫大学文化研究学院教授但严格说来，他是文化理论家而不是翻译理论家，但他从观察翻译对社会的影响而提出的多元系统理论对翻译研究产生了很大的影响 在20世纪70年代 ，左哈在研究希伯来文学的过程中建立了多元系统假说该假说主要反映在收集了他从1970年到1977年间撰写的论文的论文集历史诗学论文集 他认为，文化、语言文学、社会都不是由互不相干的元素组成的混合体，而是由相关的元素组成的系统这些系统，又不是单一的系统，而是由多个交叉相叠的系统组成，所以他创造了“多元系统”这一术语 PolysystemPolysystem 2.1 Definition Polysystem refers to entire network of correlated systems- literary and extraliterary - within society. 所谓“多元系统”，指的是社会中各种相关的系统 - 文学及文学以外所有相关系统的继承，用以解释该文化中全部的书写。

Polysystem theoryPolysystem theory is used to explain the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture.2.2 Borrowed Concepts from Tynjanov Tynjanov:Tynjanov: literary literary semi-literary semi-literary extraliterary extraliterary Zohar:Zohar: literary literary extraliterary extraliterary major systems major systems minor subsystems minor subsystemsHierarchyHierarchy According to what is presumed about the nature of systems in general and the nature of literary phenomena in particular, there can be obviously be no equality between the various literary systems and types. These systems maintain hierarchical relations, which means some maintain a more central position than others,or that some are primary while others are secondary. (P115) Stratification=hierarchy He holds that the literary system is autonomous-“a self-regulating system”-and that the stratification is carried out by“interrelations within the system”. (P122)Defamiliarization Measuring device for historical literary significance Reverse of notion of Canon: Canonized literature Trying to create new models of reality and attempting to illuminate the information it bears in a way which at least brings about deautomatization (as Prague Structuralists put it) Non-canonized literature Keeping within the conventionalized models which are highly automatized.Mutation & Evolution High literary elements primary Canonized literature( poetry) Low automatized elements secondary Non-canonized literature (childrens literature） Polysystem proves to be dynamicDifferent positions of Translated literature in polysystemIII. TranslationIII. Translation3.1 The role of translation in the literature 系统是分层级的，但左哈发现，一般总认为翻译是一种次要系统，这是不准确的。

他讨论了翻译作为多元系统中的一个成员在文学多系统里所占的位置要弄清翻译在文学系统里的功能或位置，很不容易It is necessary to include translated literature in the polysystem. This is rarely done, but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literarure. (P116) Previous systems models secondary VS Zohars polysystem it dependsIsrael & Low countriescentralprimary Smaller younger culturesAnglo-American& Frenchmarginal secondaryLarger older cultures The position of translation in literary system Primary secondary specific circumstances 所谓占主要位置，是指翻译在朔造多元系统的中心部分的过程中，扮演着举足轻重的作用，也就是说，翻译文学积极参与建造多元系统的中心工作， 是一个新力量不可或缺的一部分。

Maintaining a primary position three circumstances1 when a literature is young or in the process of being established当多元系统尚未定型，或文学的发展尚处于正在建立阶段2when a literature or peripheral or weak or both该文学在一组相关的文学体系中处于“边缘”或“弱势”的阶段3 when a literature is experiencing a crisis or turing point该文学出现转折点、危机或文学真空阶段 Maintaining a secondary position 当原来的文学系统处于强势，发展完备的时候，便无需依赖翻译来输入外来元素在这种情况下，翻译会处于次要地位，即翻译文学在多元系统里只能形成一个边缘系统，其文学模式往往是次要的Anglo-American & FrenchDespite playing a secondary role, translations produced under these circumstances may paradoxically introduce new ideas into a culture while at the same time preserving traditional form. (P117) 翻译文学在多系统中占主要或次要位置，不一定等于说整个翻译文学都处于同一个位置。

翻译文学所处的位置也成为影响译者采取何种翻译规范或方法的重要原因 In order to explore the relationship between translation and literary system, Zohar proposed two lines: selection:How texts to be translated are selected by the receiving culture.（目标语是如何选择要翻译作品） Adoption:How translated texts adopt certain norms and functions as a result of their relation to other target language systems.（翻译规范行为策略都是如何受其他相关系统影响的） The position of translation influence on translation norms Primary adequate source Introducing new work into receiving culture19th century Anglo-American translations Secondarynon- adequate sourceFinding ready-made models at the expense of the originalCertain modern translations (Nidas Bible translation)IV. Comments on Polysystem4.1 Advantages Integration the study of literature with the study of social and economic forces of history. Poly-allowing for elaboration and complexity without limitation of numbers of relations and interconnections.Principles -can be used to describe both relations within literary system and extraliterary system. However, Zohars work tends to focus primarily on literary.His early work is important to translation theory.He gives attention to the role of translation within a literary system.基本确定了翻译文学跟译入语文化文学在不同情况下的不同关。