学术英语社科Unit2含答案高教课堂.ppt

学术英语学术英语 社科社科Academic English for Social Sciences1教学运用2 2EconomistJust as you cannot become a mathematician, psychologist, or lawyer overnight, learning to think like an economist will take time. However, what is the economist’s way of thinking? What does it mean to think like an economist? By learning this unit, you will find the answers.2教学运用Unit 2Economics•Lead-in•Text A •Text B•Text C•Listening •Speaking•WritingUnit Contents3教学运用•Lead-in– Who studies economics?Unit 2Economics4教学运用Lead-inJust as you cannot become a mathematician overnight, study economics and learn to think like an economist will take time. However who studies economics? Task 1 Listen to a talk “Who studies economics?” and complete the sentences.Unit 2Economics5教学运用Lead-inUnit 2Economics1 Economics can seem __________ at first, but the field is fundamentally very _________.2 Mick Jagger once studied at _____________________________.3 When asked in 2005 why The Rolling Stones were going on tour again, Mick Jagger replied, “________________________.”abstractpracticalthe London School of EconomicsSupply and demand6教学运用Lead-inUnit 2EconomicsTask 2 Listen to the talk again and complete the following table.NameProfessionRonald ReganMichael KinsleySteve BallmerMick JaggerFormer President of the United States JournalistChief Executive Officer, Microsoft Singer for the Rolling Stones 7教学运用•Text A–Critical reading and thinking– Difficult sentences– English language for academic purpose• Specialized vocabulary• Collocations• Formal and informal English• Signpost languageUnit 2Economics8教学运用Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AUnit 2EconomicsText AnalysisThesis: Economics is a science. The economist works as a scientist.9教学运用Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AUnit 2Economics1 Science and scientists have its own language, e.g. math, psychology, law. Economics and economists are the same, e.g. supply, demand, elasticity, consumer surplus.2 Science and scientists use scientific method, e.g. observation, devise theories, collect data, analyze, test, shown with the example of Isaac Newton.Economics and economists are the same; they use observation and theory, e.g. a theory of inflation.10教学运用Text ACritical reading and thinking of Text AUnit 2EconomicsNatural sciences or Social sciences?Economics is a social science.11教学运用Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl “The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.” (Para. 4) → “Science is all just about improving everyday thinking.” 12教学运用Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl Yet, despite this lack of realism – indeed, because of this lack of realism – studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13) → Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.13教学运用Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl These models are stylized, and they omit many details. (Para. 13) → These models are artificial rather than realistic, and they don’t take many details into consideration.14教学运用Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl Yet, despite this lack of realism – indeed, because of this lack of realism – studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13) → Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies – actually just because they are not that realistic – they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.15教学运用Specialized vocabulary l elasticity ___________l comparative advantage ___________l consumer surplus _______________l deadweight loss _______________l high inflation_______________l quantity of money _______________ l long-run effects of the policy _______________Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics（需求等的）弹性（需求等的）弹性比较优势比较优势消费过剩消费过剩净损失净损失高通胀高通胀货币量货币量长期政策效应长期政策效应16教学运用Specialized vocabulary l 经济政策制定者 ___________________l 货币流通量 ____________________________l 供需供需 ____________________l 货币政策 _______________Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economicseconomic policymaker amount of currency in circulation supply and demandmonetary policy17教学运用CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposel address the subjectl devise / verify / refute theoriesl collect / analyze / generate datal the interplay between observation and theoryl doubt the validity of the theoryl face an obstaclel make do withl find a substitute for l simplify the complex world / realityl in circulationl omit detailsUnit 2Economics18教学运用Signpost languagecause and effect:Ÿ clue words to indicate cause and effect: because therefore the reason consequently lead to, result from as a result is due to as a consequenceText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics19教学运用Signpost languagel Signpost language to introduce the topic: The main issues addressed in this paper are … This study critically examines … The objective of this paper is to ... The purpose of this investigation is to ... The aim of this paper is to ... This paper reports on the results obtained …Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics20教学运用Signpost languagel Signpost language to introduce the topic: This study was designed to ... This paper argues that ... The rest of this paper is organized in the following way ... This paper is structured as follows ... The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections ... This paper begins by … It will then go on to … Finally, … Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics21教学运用Formal and informal EnglishText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics1 Whenever I'd visited there before, I'd ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. → Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part. 22教学运用Formal and informal EnglishText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics2 The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. → Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities.23教学运用Formal and informal EnglishText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics3 Because the technology has improved it’s less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time, and it doesn't cost so much either. Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. → Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation.24教学运用Formal and informal EnglishText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics4 The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way.Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing. → Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.25教学运用The tree diagram below shows how the author illustrates his points. Fill in the blanks according to the text..Text ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsThe economist works as a(n) _________Thinking like an economistCritical reading and thinkingUsing scientific methods, such as: scientistmake observations, devise theories, collect data, and analyze them.Using different _____________to answer different questions.assumptions Building simplified _________to examinevarious economic issues.models 26教学运用Answer the following questions.Text ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsCritical reading and thinking1 What kind of rhetoric device does the author use in the first two paragraphs?Analogy.2 What is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3?Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity.3 Why does the author quote Albert Einstein?To support his idea about the essence of science.4 Why is Newton’s theory still taught in undergraduate physics courses around the world?Because Newton’s theory is so successful at explaining observation.27教学运用Answer the following questions.Text ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsCritical reading and thinking5 What kind of obstacles do economists face when they use theory and observation like other scientists?It is often difficult and impossible to conduct experiments.6 How do economists find a substitute for laboratory experiments?They pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by history.7 For what reason do economists make assumptions?Because assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.8 What do economic models consist of?They consist of diagrams and equations.9 What do all models in physics, biology, and economics share in common?They simplify reality to improve our understanding of it.28教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Specialized vocabulary2Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the parative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply and demand 1 Taxes have _______________ because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less.deadweight loss2 The tools ___________________ of allow you to analyze many of the most important events and policies that shape the economy.supply and demand3 ____________________ is a good measure of economic well-being if policymakers want to respect the preferences of buyers.Consumer surplus29教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Specialized vocabulary2Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the parative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply and demand 4 In the 1970s, when the world experienced a relatively _____________, opinion polls often placed inflation as the most important issue facing the nation.high inflation5 It is the role of a central bank — an institution designed to oversee the banking system, to carry out _________________, and regulate the quantity of money in the economy.monetary policy30教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Specialized vocabulary2Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the parative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply and demand comparative advantage6 Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a _____________________.31教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Signpost languageComplete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.1 Karlin’s novels ____________ his experience in the Vietnam War.resulted from2 Months of secret talks with the rebels finally __________ the release of the hostages.resulted in3 Animals have died _________________ of coming into contact with this chemical.as a consequence4 _____________ we didn’t consider her for the job was that she didn’t have enough experience.The reason32教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Signpost languageComplete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.Consequently7 ___________ of last week’s blackouts was a large power plant suddenly going offline in Northern California.5 Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. ______________ their keyboard skills are inefficient.6 Jewish weddings are both religious and civil. __________ two official applications for marriage are necessary.ThereforeThe cause8 Between 1990 and 1992, there were more than 1,000 mergers in that industry — all of which ________ job losses.led to33教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 3 Formal EnglishReplace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.1 At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane.secretKey:2 Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity.Key:study3 They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life.Key:deal with4 They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.Key:invent34教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 3 Formal EnglishReplace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.5 To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science.strange Key:6 Most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a scientist.Key:used7 This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the universe.Key:drove35教学运用Language building-upText ASuggested answersUnit 2EconomicsTask 3 Formal EnglishReplace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.8 By contrast, economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nation’s monetary policy simply to generate useful data.controlKey:10 And this opportunity persists long after the wartime increase in oil prices is over.Key:continues to exist9 For consumers of oil and oil products, such an event depresses living standards.Key:reduces36教学运用•Text B– Lead in– Key terms– Critical reading– Difficult sentences– English language for academic purposeUnit 2Economics37教学运用Text BReading critically: questions for discussionUnit 2EconomicsDiscuss the following questions:Life is regarded as a game. Do you agree? Why or why not?Lead-in 38教学运用Text BKey termsUnit 2Economicsl Game theory :the modeling of economic decisions by games whose outcome depends on the decisions taken by two or more agents, each having to make decisions without information on what choices the others are making.39教学运用Text BKey termsUnit 2Economicsl Competitive strategies (竞争策略竞争策略): unbeatable strategies used in the context of the fact that everyone else is also looking for them.E.g. cooperation, or everybody playing the same way; behave differently from one another40教学运用Text BKey termsUnit 2Economicsl Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) (进化稳定策略进化稳定策略):a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare. An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium.41教学运用Text BKey termsUnit 2Economicsl Rational human choice:people will adjust their behavior in order to maximize their gains. l Nash equilibrium: 纳什均衡纳什均衡a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, also no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally.42教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsComparison between the two schools of researchersAnimal behavioristsEconomistsEvolutionarily stable strategies Implication：the way the strategies are played has been hardwired into the participants by the processes of natural selectionNash equilibriumImplication: adjust their behavior to maximize their gains43教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsDr Kurzban & Dr. Houser’s study1.They call the economists’ assumption into question.2.Their new assumption: it may be fruitful to work with the idea that human behavior, can sometimes be governed by evolutionarily stable strategies. 44教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsMaking an experiment:Public-goods game 公共物品博弈公共物品博弈a standard of experimental economics; in the basic game subjects secretly choose how many of their private tokens to put into the public pot. Each subject keeps the tokens they do not contribute plus an even split of the tokens in the pot.l Methods (see page 35, Para 4): four players; interacted via a computer; virtual tokens redeemable for money45教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsMaking an experiment:l Game rules (see page 35, Para 4): A player could keep some or all of the tokens and any not kept were put into a pool, to be shared among group members. The game continued for a random number of turns. l At the end of the game (see page 35, Para 4): The value of the pool was doubled and was divided into four equal parts and given to the player, along with the value of any tokens they had held on to.46教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsMaking an experiment:lThree approaches a player can take (see page 35, Para 5):1.Cooperate with his opponents to maximize group benefits2.Free-ride (i.e., try to sucker cooperators)3.Reciprocate (i.e., cooperate with those who show signs of being cooperative, but not with free-riders)47教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsMaking an experiment:lResults: (see page 35, Para 7):1.Of 84 participants, 81 fell into one of the three categories.2.Researchers ask these 81 participants to play games again to test whether they change strategy. And they did not.3. People’s behaviors are clear-cut, strategies stay stable with the same average payoffs.48教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsMaking an experiment:lConclusions (see page 35, Para 8):1.It suggests that people’s approaches to cooperate with their fellows are indeed evolutionarily stable.2.Human behavior can sometimes be governed by evolutionarily stable strategies49教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsTask 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1 “Many people, it is said, regard life as a game.” Do you agree? Why or why not?2 What are the differences between behaviorists and economists in terms of game theory? Use examples to illustrate them.3 What are the findings of Dr. Kurzban and Dr. Houser’s study? How did they illustrate their point?50教学运用Text BCritical reading and thinkingUnit 2EconomicsClassroom activity: Work in groups of 4 and play the public goods game a Dr. Kurzaban and Dr. Houser did. You may refer to Task 3 on Page 37.51教学运用Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl Each player was given a number of virtual tokens, redeemable for money at the end of the game. (Para.4) → Each player was given some virtual tokens which were changed into real money at the end of the game. (Real money was given to motivate the participants to take the game seriously.)52教学运用Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl Individual strategies are not expected to be equally represented in a population. Instead, they should appear in proportions that equalize their payoffs to those who play them. (Para. 6) → Generally speaking, individual strategies are not employed by the same number of people in a population. The proportions of the strategy tend to be equal to the extent of the payoffs brought by the strategies. 53教学运用Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl A strategy can be advantageous when rare and disadvantageous when common. (Para. 6) → A strategy can be advantageous even though few people adopt them and disadvantageous when it is a common strategy adopted by many people. 54教学运用Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 2Economicsl Of course, it is a long stretch from showing equal success in a laboratory game to showing it in the mating game that determines evolutionary outcomes. (Para. 8) → Naturally just showing equal success in a laboratory game is not the same as showing it the mating game that determines evolutionary outcomes. There is still a huge gap between them.55教学运用•Text C–Critical readingUnit 2Economics56教学运用Text CUnit 2EconomicsVisit the official website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China and find how the CPI of China is constructed. Complete the following table, listing the categories in the order of proportion.Categories of U.S. CPICategories of Chinese CPI1Housing2Transportation3Food and beverages4Medical care5Recreation6Education and communication7Apparel8Other goods and servicesFoodTobacco, liquor and articlesClothingHousehold facilities, articles and servicesHealth care and personal articlesTransportation and communicationRecreation, Education and Culture ArticlesResidence57教学运用•Listening– How to find major points– Listening tasksUnit 2 Economist58教学运用How to find major pointsl Finding major points Here are some clues that might help you pick out important ideas:•The speaker often pauses before starting an important point;•The speaker often uses repetition to emphasize the point;ListeningUnit 2 Economist59教学运用How to find major pointsl Finding major pointsThe speaker may change the pitch, volume and rhythm of their voice for emphasis;•The speaker often uses introductory phrases to precede an important point. For instance, “It is essential for you to know …”, “Remember that …”•Some speakers use facial gestures or body movement when they are emphasizing a point.ListeningUnit 2 Economist60教学运用Listening•Listen for a thesis statement at the end of the introduction.•Listen for rhetorical questions, or questions that the speaker asks, and then answers. Often the answer is the thesis.Listening tasksUnit 2 Economist61教学运用Task 1 Listen to a lecture about how to study economics well. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct answer.Listening1 According to the lecture, the professor is most likely teaching the course of .A MacroeconomicsB Principles of EconomicsC MicroeconomicsD Economic BehaviorismListening tasksUnit 2 EconomistB 62教学运用Task 1 Listen to a lecture about how to study economics well. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct answer.Listening2 The professor has introduced the students to in the past weeks.A the ideas and methods of economicsB the great economistsC the important economic eventsD the principles of economic policiesListening tasksUnit 2 EconomistA63教学运用Task 1 Listen to a lecture about how to study economics well. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct answer.Listening3 According to John Maynard Keynes, economics is comparatively .A a difficult subjectB a subject many people excel atC an easy subjectD a neither-easy-nor-difficult subjectListening tasksUnit 2 EconomistC64教学运用Task 1 Listen to a lecture about how to study economics well. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct answer.Listening4 The master-economist must possess a rare combination of the gifts of the following people except .A a historianB a mathematicianC a philosopherD a physicistListening tasksUnit 2 EconomistD65教学运用Task 1 Listen to a lecture about how to study economics well. Complete each of the following sentences with the correct answer.Listening5 The professor encourages students to ____ so that they will become more and more accustomed to thinking like an economist.A have more practiceB do more homeworkC do more readingD take more coursesListening tasksUnit 2 EconomistA66教学运用Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the following paragraph taken from the lecture.ListeningHe must understand symbols and speak in words. He must contemplate the (1) in terms of the general, and touch abstract and (2) in the same flight of thought. He must study the present (3) for the purposes of the future. No part of man’s nature or his institutions must lie entirely (4) . He must be purposeful and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes (5) .Listening tasksUnit 2 Economistparticularconcretein the light of the pastoutside his regardas near the earth as a politician67教学运用•Speaking– How to interrupt politelyUnit 2 Economist68教学运用How to interrupt politelyIn a seminar, being passive and quiet is not necessarily polite. People have to learn to take initiatives. However, an interruption at the wrong moment can be rude and it is not polite for two people to talk at the same time during a discussion. Here are some expressions you can use to interrupt politely and take your turn:If I could just come in here, …May I …Excuse me, but …Could I please just finish my point?As I was saying …Sorry to interrupt, but …I’d just like to say that ...What do you think about …?SpeakingUnit 2 Economist69教学运用How to interrupt politelySometimes even making some “English” noise like “um ... um ... um ...” can serve the purpose well. There are also times when interrupting is perfectly acceptable, e.g. when you fail to hear or understand something the speaker has said; or when you want to add a quick comment.SpeakingUnit 2 Economist70教学运用•Writing– Writing an introduction– Writing tasksUnit 2 Economist71教学运用Writing an introductionA research paper typically consists of the following sections: the title, author, acknowledgements, abstract, introduction, literature review, research methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references.WritingUnit 2 Economist72教学运用Writing an introductionIn this unit, we will focus on the introduction, which aims to catch the readers’ attention and get them prepared for the subject. It sets the stage for the paper and puts your topic in perspective. In this part, you need to:1 Clearly identify your research topic, i.e., what you are going to study or what your study is going to accomplish.2 Establish the context of your research by summarizing the published literature on this topic.3 Briefly explain your approach and rationale.4 State the significance of your study.WritingUnit 2 Economist73教学运用Task 1 Complete the following table about the main components of the introduction.WritingWriting tasksUnit 2 EconomistResearch topicContext of the researchApproach and rationaleSignificance of the studyexplanation of promise-keepingPrevious psychological and economic studies do not distinguish commitment-based and expectation-based explanations for promise-keeping.experiment study the first to report on an experiment designed explicitly to distinguish between and test the alternative explanations 74教学运用Do the following tasks:1. Find out main points of Text A;2. Define the key terms with examples;3. Mark the specialized vocabulary and explain them;4. Underline the collocations you think important.Get ready for Unit 3Unit 2 Economist75教学运用。