垂直森林建造过程.pdf

主题案例Green Architecture垂直森林之建造Vertical Forest construction前页及本页：“垂直森林” 施工过程中的照片由于结构特殊的阶梯式布局，悬挑板浇筑都是在自承重悬挑式脚手架上完成的；塔体的地基则是由普通的钢筋混凝土组成， 简而言之，这种建筑物结构是相当传统的，在最大程度上降低了建筑成本，同时创新性地成为立面的解决方案； 人的需求与希望的元素示意图These pages: the project during construction. Due to the unique layout of the terraces, cantilevering slabs have been poured on self supported cantilevering scaffolding; the foundation is using reinforced concrete, this traditional structural solution can minimize the cost; Diagram showing man's needs and desires.要建一座“垂直森林”并不容易，作为世界首座“垂直森林”， 项目并没有先例可以遵循，因此需要特殊的设计与施工方案， 以及大量的研究和准备工作BUILDING VERTICAL FOREST IS NOT AN EASY TASK, FOR THERE IS NO PRECEDENT TO FOLLOW. THE PROJECT REQUIRED UNIQUE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS, AS WELL AS A GREAT AMOUNT OF RESEARCHES AND PREPARATIONS 需求needs渴望desires114GREEN ARCHITECTURE要建一座“垂直森林” 并不容易，作为世界首座“垂直森林”， 项目并没有先例可以遵循，因此需要特殊的设计与施工方案， 以及大量的研究和准备工作。

结构设计树木和泥土对建筑承重能力带来了巨大的挑战——总共 900 株高度在 3米到 6米之间的乔木，以及大量的灌木和绿植被种植到高达 27层的摩天楼阳台建筑师和 ARUP工程公司的工程师协力合作，完成了特殊结构的设计与施工 因为阳台悬挑为 3.5m, 拐角处最大悬挑跨度为7.5m， 建筑的楼板由高强混凝土建成，并采用无粘接后张拉技术这种方案承载和悬挑能力强，同时还能减小结构构件尺寸 由于特殊的阶梯式布局，悬挑板浇筑都是在自承重悬挑式脚手架上完成塔体的地基则是由普通的钢筋混凝土建成，简而言之，这种建筑物结构是相当传统的，在最大程度上降低了建筑成本， 同时创新性地成为立面的解决方案结构设计融合了多个技术满足项目特殊需求例如，连接场地已有的地下隧道、 通风井，综合考虑临近已有建筑、 风荷载、气候分析、结构噪音、绿化稳定性，以及与树木相关的设计荷载等方面， 例如，针对地下轨道的影响，施工前已进行了振动勘测， 以便量化现场振动性能， 确定隔离需要底部隔离系统包括采用螺旋式钢弹簧，将建筑结构浮于有弹力的成列构件上试验与实施实现垂直森林的最关键元素就是绿色植物景观设计师 Emanuela Borio 及Laura Gatti 负责植物的方方面面，其中的第一步，是植物种类的选择。

“鉴于极端情形，在考虑建筑的美学效果之前，我们要先考虑植物的抗性标准，包括抗风的能力 屋顶的风非常大，不利于植株的修剪， 还容易受到害虫的侵蚀所以我们放弃了脆弱的植物， 而选择那些容易培育， 且能固定微小粉尘的植物，同时为了营造森林的视觉效果， 我们选择了橡树、 土耳其榛树、 山毛榉和李子树与选用的大量小型植物相比， 这些植物在数量上其实并不少 ” 设计师说道1而后，设计师不但研究了植物的结构稳定性， 分析了植物物种及其几何形状， 还详细评估风力气候、 风吸力、温度和湿度、水和营养素的供给以及树根如何在含有植物轻型基质的桶里生长等等 长成之后，树木会高达9米尽管植物桶里的基质高度只有一米，树木长度还是各异的最大的树可以在特别设计的 4-5立方米的基质中生长 为了确保安全性， 项目组进行了两组风洞试验第一组风洞试验在米兰理工大学， 利用1:100 的模型，估测了植被受力第二组试验由佛罗里达国际大学在户外进行 ， 该试验验证实际植被上的力最后，根据分析和试验结果， 项目采用了三种绿植的稳固装置： 所有的植被都有弹性临时绑带，将根部固定至预埋在土壤中的本页及后页：建筑师 Stefano Boeri的绿色城市构想“ BioMilano ” 计划，其核心包括将米兰边缘地带的60块公有荒废农地变为社区制造就业以及生产食物的农田；建筑施工、 风洞实验及细节照片； 建筑能源利用示意图； 绿色外墙的作用示意图；绿植形态与排列示意图；绿色的垂直森林和地面森林面积对比示意图。

This page and following pages: the visionary project "BioMilano" by Stefano Boeri, one of the central ideas is to convert 60 deserted lands outside Milan into productive agricultural land that can provide food and job opportunities; Photos showing the construction, wind-tunnel experiments and architectural details; Diagram showing the Energy Grid and use of Vertical Forest; Diagram of the functions and advantages of the organic outer wall; Diagram of the plant selection and arrangements; Diagram of the comparison between vertical and ground forest areas.钢网；所有中型或大的树木有一根安全带防止主干断裂、树木坠落，这样就防止了树木的过度弯曲，但仍然可以随风自由摆动；迎风处的大树有一个防护钢笼，固定根部位置，防止树木因风暴而连根拔起。

与其它项目不同，垂直森林一项重要的准备工作就是让树木在特殊苗圃里生长， 以确保它们从开始就生长在外墙的特殊环境中 除了树木的根系要依附于土壤生长，最后如何把它们移到“空中”也是一个极为关键的步骤施工团队采用了 一种特殊的帷幔，能给植物特殊的保护 运输过程要避免植物受到过多的震动 巨型起重机将植物升到所需的楼层，阳台上的工作人员则小心翼翼地确保树木安全 “着陆” 居民即使在购买公寓后，植物也并不是他们的财产和责任因为这是“立面气候系统”的一部分， 所以有专门的园艺团队根据维护协议照料它们 这些人会通过设置在屋顶的起重机自上而下地维护绿植能源利用在设计初期， 如何使建筑在拥有绿植的同时消耗最少的能源， 使公寓成为真正绿色的建筑同样是设计师着重考虑的问题解决方案包括利用回收的非饮用水浇灌垂直森林——这些中水是已经在空调系统中用过地地下水，还有地源热泵和热传感器系统；与此同时，大楼上还有太阳能电池板等其他设施来产生地热所有的植物周围都接有自动的浇灌系统 用于灌溉的水系统由地下水供应，因为在建造检查地基土质时 ， 建筑师发现地下 20米有地下水由于这里的工业时代几十年前就结束了，地下水层水质已经恶化， 而且水面也在稳步上升。

这促使市政局推荐使用处理过的地下水他们会免去法律上允许的最高费用工地打了几口井，利用地下水加热和冷却地热系统，水还要经过热交换器处理， 获取的热量也可用于提供热水 在地下的水系统设备中心，热交换器旁边安装有四个热泵， 环形管给区域内的两座塔楼和三个低层住户提供温水、 热水和饮用水等每座建筑下面的独立传输站负责进一步的分配处理后的水随后被供给公寓楼外墙的植物 多余的地下水通过渗水坑送回到地下 2前景“现在垂直森林里已经有 50个家庭入住，未来将会有大约 470个人住在这里 我们的目标是每人都可以分到两棵树现在我们已经在树上看到很多鸟巢，还发现了黄蝴蝶的族群的出现为此，我们还修建了实验室， 检测这些生态变化Stefano Boeri 如是说2015 年五月，米兰世博会即将举行 本届主题是 “给养地球 :生命的能源” 垂直森林公寓可谓为世博会而建造的领航员工程从它开始，整个米兰都将呈现人与自然和谐共生的绿色主题 随着世博会的临近， 垂直森林无疑将吸引世人更多的目光115绿界 Green 010CO2O2H2O21° C3O° CIL BOSCO VERTICALE:O2CO2H2OIIl BOSCO VERTICALE 01 prevede la costruzione perimetrale ad ogni piano di una sequenza di vasche di dimensione proporzio-nata all’esigenza delle piante; la selezione delle specie e la de?nizione dei sistemi distributivi e di riuso delle acque rispetto alle differenti zone microclimatiche sono improntati alla ottimizzazione delle risorse idriche.雨水 Rain阳光Solar energy太阳能板Photovoltaic办公室Office地源热泵Geothermal energy夏天 Summer冬天Winter遮挡直射阳光Protect from the direct radiation摄入自然光 Let's light in挡风 Protect from wind增加湿度 Release humidity 噪音污染Acoustic pollution灰尘Dust particles产生氧气 Produce oxygen挡灰尘 Capture small dust particles减少噪音污染 Reduce acoustic pollution116GREEN ARCHITECTURE垂直绿化：在不同楼层高度建造绿植系统，增加垂直绿化功能Vertical green: creates a network of the plants at different levels, increasing vertical ecological functionality水平绿化：多样性及蔓延性Horizontal green: diversification and flowering 垂直绿化 =森林绿化效果Vertical green= forest effect, shading9m6macb3m塔楼 Tower300 m230 m300 m300 m32 m3000 m2独栋家庭住宅 Single family housing117绿界 Green 010Building a "vertical forest" is not an easy task, for there is no precedent; the project required specially designed structure and construction process, as well as a large amount of researches and preparations. Structure designTrees and soil are heavy, the loads and balcony cantilevers brought great challenges to the designers. Architects and engineers from Arup adopted high-strength concrete and unbonded post-tension for the slabs. This solution allowed limited dimensions for the structural elements with significant loads and cantilevers up to 3.5m for the terraces and a maximum span of the cantilever in the corners of approximately 7.5m.Several advanced contributions where made to the structural design and have been coordinated to address specific project needs, for example interaction w it h t he exist ing undergrou nd tunnels, coordination with the existing ventilation shaft, interaction with the adjacent existing buildings, wind loading and wind climate analysis, vibrations and structure-borne noise, stability of trees and definition of design loads related to the trees.Due to the peculiar layout of the terraces, cantilevering slabs have been poured on a self supported cantilevering scaffolding.Experiments and execution The key element of the project is the plants. Landscape architects Emanuela Borio and Laura Gatti are responsible for the plants, and their first task was choosing the right kind of trees. "Given the exceptional circumstances, before coming to the aesthetic choice we were guided by the criterion of resistance: the wind, which on buildings 80 or 110 meters high is very strong, and there are issues for pruning and pests. We discarded plants that are allergic, and we prefer other simple ones to maintain and to be fixed. So to produce the visual effect of a forest, we selected trees including oaks, parrozie, Turkish hazel, beech trees, plum trees. That still will not be a numerical minority, compared to the large amount of smaller plants." 1The structural stability of the trees has been designed through the botanical analysis of the species and their geometry, a detailed wind climate assessment and two different wind tunnel test campaigns. The first set of tests in the wind tunnel facility of the Politecnico di Milano assessed the forces on the trees in a 1:100 scale model. The second set of tests, carried out in the open-flow facility of the Florida International University, was designed to verify the forces on real trees. Following the results of the analysis and tests, three restraining devices have been designed: all the trees have elastic temporary bands that connect the root bulb to a steel mesh embedded in the soil; all the medium and large trees have a safety cable to prevent the tree from falling in case the trunk breaks; the largest trees in those locations exposed to wind the most have safety steel cages that restraint the root-bulb and prevents them from overturning under major windstorms.The plants will be centrally managed by the building maintenance; the caretakers will reach the trees via ropes connected to a crane anchored on the rooftop. The users can take care of the plants as they wish. Energy efficiencyHow to make a building with so much 本页及对页：在大楼的南侧， 建筑种植了常绿植物，茂盛多姿； 在北侧和西侧种植了落叶植物，可渲染秋天的色彩； 而在东侧则种植了色彩柔和的植物，充满春意。

建筑立面在每个季节呈现出的视觉效果都不同This page and the opposite page: Vertical Forest is a landmark in the city which is able to release new kinds of variable landscapes which can change their form in each season depending on the types of plants involved. The vertical forests will offer a changing view of the metropolitan city below.life to maintain while using the least amount of energy is a central issue. In order to ensure energy efficiency, the plants are connected to an automatic irrigation system that uses grey water from apartments. The system also incorporates geothermal heating and cooling, all using groundwater suitable for such purpose. At the beginning of the project, the building site ground was examined and it was found that the groundwater was available with water table rising, the water qualities were not good enough for drinking, but suitable for common use. Thus the government offered the water with the lowest permitted charge. The water is treated and pumped into the process-water network, which subsequently supplies the water to the plant tubs on the outer walls of the apartment blocks. It is additionally treated by heat exchangers, making use of the geothermal properties of the groundwater for heating and cooling systems. As this is available all year round, the heat that is gained can also be used for the provision of hot water, which is also required throughout the year. A total of 4 heat pumps are installed in an underground technology.2Outlook"Currently there are about 50 families moved in, and there will be 100 more families in the future, about 470 people will be living inside. Our goal is to let every person have two trees. We have seen bird's nests forming on trees already, and lots of flowers too, as well as butterflies. In order to record the change, we have built laboratories to monitor the biological development" Stefano Boeri said. From May 1 to October 31, 2015, Expo Milano "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life" will begin. According to the master plan, the Milan exposition will be a "planetary botanical garden" w it h wealt hy natura l resources and biodiversity. The Vertical Forest, pioneering project of Porta Nuova will draw the attention of the world, and showcase a new way of urban living that brings harmony between mankind and nature. This innovative high-rise residential model might serve as a model for the future sustainable building.1.http:/ /living.corriere.it/lifestyle/architettura/2012/intervista-bosco-verticale-milano- ARCHITECTURE后页：项目施工过程的照片。

项目采用了三种绿植的稳固装置： 所有的植被都有弹性临时绑带，将根部固定至预埋在土壤中的钢网；所有中型或大的树木有一根安全带防止主干断裂、树木坠落， 这样就防止了树木的过度弯曲， 但仍然可以随风自由摆动Next pages: photos showing the construction process. Three restraining devices have been designed: all the trees have elastic temporary bands that connects the root bulb to a steel mesh embedded in the soil; all the medium and large trees have a safety cable to prevent the tree from falling in case the trunk breaks; the largest trees in those locations most exposed to wind have a safety steel cage that restraints the root-bulb and prevents it from overturning under major windstorms.119绿界 Green 010120GREEN ARCHITECTURE121绿界 Green 010 ? International High Rise award122GREEN ARCHITECTURE ? International High Rise award ? Saint －Gobain ? designboom ? designboom123绿界 Green 010。