英国文学史及选读课件 5 shakespeare.ppt

II. Shakespeare (II)• 1. Close reading of the “To be or not to be” soliloquy • 2. Close reading of “Sonnet 18” 1.1 The appreciation of Hamlet (1601)• About Hamlet• - *Hamlet is a tragedy. *Tragedy• -- serious actions • -- disastrous灾害的;灾难性的,悲惨的 end • -- function: to purify people’s emotion• - the peak of Shakespearian dramas• - an article or book on Hamlet every twelve days in Europe• - adapted from a Denmark historical story.• - a revenge报复，报仇 play*About HamletIt distinguished itself from the traditional revenge play by its new themes:• the impossibility of certainty; • the complexity of action;*The Themes of HamletThe Themes of Hamlet• the mystery of death;• its exploration into man’s inner world, into human psychology through a series of soliloquy自言自语，独白 .• a melancholy忧郁的 , hesitant, reasonable and philosophical哲学(上)的;冷静的 man• a great moralizer说教者• a slow avenger of his father’s death*Hamlet’s Character1.2 “To be, or not to be” soliloquy--- Hamlet’s dilemma(进退两难的)窘境 ，困境 • Hamlet’s struggle with two opposing forces: – moral integrity正直，诚实，诚恳 and the need to avenge his father's murder.• English versionsee P. 83 of the textbook• (HAMLET comes on stage. CLAUDIUS, GERTRUDE, POLONIUS, and OPHELIA have just scattered to various hiding places nearby, like roaches when the kitchen light comes on.• Hamlet, having laid plots of his own to entrap the King, appears not to have noticed this and instead focuses his attention on the audience.)生存还是毁灭• 生存还是毁灭， • 这是一个值得考虑的问题； • 默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭， • 或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难， • 通过斗争把它们扫清， • 这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？// • 死了；睡着了； • 什么都完了； • 要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛， • 以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击， • 都可以从此消失， • 那正是我们求之不得的结局。

//• 死了；睡着了； • 睡着了也许还会做梦； • 嗯，阻碍就在这儿： • 因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后， • 在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦， • 那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑//• 人们甘心久困于患难之中， • 也就是为了这个缘故； • 谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、 • 压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、 • 被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、 • 官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视， • 要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？ //• 谁愿意负着这样的重担， • 在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗， • 倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后， • 惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国， • 是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折， • 不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？//• 这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫， • 决心的赤热的光彩， • 被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色， • 伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下， • 也会逆流而退， • 失去了行动的意义朱生豪译)Notes• 1. coil: turmoil骚动, 混乱 , confusion (mortal coil = troublesome life)• 2. oppressor's wrong: oppressor's injustice• 3. contumely: taunts, contemptuous treatment• 4. despised: to regard with contempt or scorn• 5. quietus: A final account, or settlement• 6. bodkin: A sharp instrument to make holes with• 7. fardels: A backpack, a bundle• 8. bourn: boundary. — Is there any meaning of man’s existence after death?• A seemingly meaningless question from Chinese point of view; Confucius stress on this life, no consideration for the after-life, optimistic• a permanent theme in Western culture; — Is there any meaning of man’s existence after death?• Christianity original sin; • the pessimism rare in the Renaissance (optimistic of man’s ability) but prevail in the 20th century, the modernity of Hamlet, ahead of his time.• 真正的悲剧乃是“走向崇高，走向信仰，在崇高 和信仰中转身下降的，自我牺牲的爱的悲剧”。

• * inversion • * parallelism • * repetition • * rhymeWriting Skills• - Hamlet reflects Shakespeare’s humanist spirit• - Hamlet’s personality of hesitation causes his tragedyThematic Analysis• a speech, often of some length, in which a character, alone on the stage, expresses his thoughts and feelings. In classical drama the soliloquy is rare, but the playwrights of Elizabethan and Jacobean period (英王詹姆斯 一世统治的或该时代的) used it extensively and with great skill.* Soliloquy• *The soliloquy’s advantages are inestimable because it enables a dramatist to convey directly to audience important information about a particular character: his state of mind and heart, his most intimate thoughts and feelings, his motives and intentions. 2. Appreciation of “Sonnet 18”2. 1 *Sonnet• Sonnets are fourteen lines of iambic pentameter, rhyming in a number of different patterns classified as English (sometimes called Shakespearean), Italian (sometimes called Petrarchan), and Spenserian. • Sonnets were originally created in Italy in the 1200's by the poet Giacomo de Lentino; in English poetry, however, the poet Petrarch ( 彼特拉克, 1304-1374, 意大利诗人, 学者、欧洲人 文主义运动的主要代表), who wrote scores of sonnets to a woman named Laura, was far more influential. • Petrarchan sonnet (Italian sonnet):abbaabba cdecde (cdcdcd; cdeedc)• Spenserian sonnet: abba bcbc cdcd ee• *Shakespearean sonnet: abab cdcd efef ggRhyming SchemeThe form:• Three quatrains plus a heroic couplet: • abab cdcd efef gg • 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 • 起 承 转 合• * Quatrain: A stanza or poem of four lines. • (四行诗：四行的诗节或诗歌)* Shakespearean sonnet* Shakespearean sonnet• The divisions:• Sonnets 1-126, which deal with a young, unnamed lord, the “fair youth“ of the sonnets • Sonnets 127-152, which deal with the poet's relationship to a mysterious mistress, the “dark lady“ of the sonnets• Sonnets 153-154, which seem to be poetic exercises dedicated to Cupid *The themes:• love, • beauty, • mortality, 。