专八改错课件.ppt

TEM-8 PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION 校对与改错篇校对与改错篇 改错在试卷中的比重改错在试卷中的比重序号序号题号号题名名题数题数计分计分比重比重考试考试时间时间I(A1 ) – (A10) 1-10 听力听力A A讲座讲座B B会话会话C C新闻新闻10 5 5105 510% 5% 5% 35 MINSII11 - 30阅读阅读202020%30 MINSIII31 - 40人文知识人文知识101010%10 MINSIVIV(B1)-(B10)(B1)-(B10)改改改改错错1010101010%10%15 MINS15 MINSV 翻译翻译A A汉译英汉译英B B英译汉英译汉1 110 1010% 10%60 MINSVIVI写作写作1 1202020%20%45 MINS45 MINS合计40 + 23100100%195 MINS考试测验不忘本对能力的考查词法morphology是基础---靠记忆，靠积累，靠语感语法是药方---概况，总结，举一反三是捷径语篇是语言的思维主观测试题型l两个部分：两个部分：答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文。

答题要求和一篇要求修改的短文l答题要求部分答题要求部分: :修改短文的三种方法：修改短文的三种方法：加入、删去和改动加入、删去和改动某一单某一单词，并举例说明要求修改的短文长度为词，并举例说明要求修改的短文长度为250250词左右词左右短文的体短文的体裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围裁和题材不超出学生所熟悉的范围l短文内含短文内含1010个错误个错误（出现在标有题号的行内）出现在标有题号的行内）l错误一般错误一般涉及单个词涉及单个词；；l每行只出现一个错误每行只出现一个错误l要求修改的单词既有要求修改的单词既有功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词功能词（如介词、冠词等），也有实义词（动词、名词等（动词、名词等）l错误既涉及错误既涉及句内也涉及句际句内也涉及句际测试目的测试目的: :是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的是检查学生在实际语境中灵活运用语言的能力该项目能力该项目考查学生的语法和词汇知识，考查学生的语法和词汇知识，但但更侧更侧重评估学生的综合语言能力重评估学生的综合语言能力测试要求：测试要求：在在1515分钟分钟内找出内找出1010个错误个错误，并根据要求，并根据要求用三种方法之中的一种改正错误。

用三种方法之中的一种改正错误这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：这一部分要求考生掌握三种知识：1.1.词汇与搭配词汇与搭配 2.2.语法知识语法知识 3.篇章结构•1.1.词汇与搭配词汇与搭配 对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用比如：对常用词汇、搭配和用法的了解及运用比如： “ “在在……的情况下的情况下””是是in the case ofin the case of，而不是，而不是 in the in the aspect ofaspect of（（20152015年第年第9 9题）题） “ “尤其是尤其是””是是especiallyespecially或或particularlyparticularly，而不是，而不是specially specially （（20152015年第年第7 7题）题） “ “迟早，早晚迟早，早晚””是是sooner or later,sooner or later,而不是而不是soon or later soon or later （（20112011年第年第3 3题）题） “ “长大长大””是是grow up,grow up,而不是而不是grow grow （（20112011年第年第1 1题）题）词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时词汇测试面涵盖各类词性的词，同时侧重考核它们的搭配与用侧重考核它们的搭配与用法。

法2.2.语法知识语法知识 语法知识的掌握尤为重要，它有助于提高语言的准确性、逻辑性•例如：定语从句，情态动词，冠词，介词，反身代词，等等•一一. 改错题的注意事项改错题的注意事项 •二二. 改错文章统计分析改错文章统计分析•三三. 改错答案统计分析改错答案统计分析•四四. 解题步骤解题步骤•五五.常见错误类型常见错误类型•六六. 复习建议复习建议一一.注意事项注意事项: 1.三改三改: 添词添词 ∧∧减词减词 /改词改词2.三不改三不改: 不改两词不改两词不改词序不改词序不改拼写不改拼写3.三个要三个要: 左右都要看左右都要看字迹要工整字迹要工整符号要标准符号要标准 3.评分标准：•1). 如果文章中未划出删除和增添记号未划出删除和增添记号，即使答案正确，仍不得分•2).如果只标出错处和错误类型，但不知如只标出错处和错误类型，但不知如何改正，得何改正，得0.5分分1. 内容:人文类学术书籍或期刊杂志（历史政治语言教育）,特别是语言类为主2. 篇幅: 最多283词, 最少182词3. 结构: 总分结构•1）总: 文章主题一般在首句•2）分: 两条线索—对立和顺承•对立: 00，02，06，07, 08, 09年•顺承: 03, 04, 05年•一句话，两条线二. 改错文章统计分析•1. 从错词词类上看，分布比较均匀，英语八大词类中均有涉及，具体来说：•每年涉及至少5种词类的修改；•动词每年都有，至少一个；•形容词副词每年至少有一个；•冠词代词每年至少有一个(01年除外)•2.从修改方法上看，每年10道改错题呈6，，7---1，，2---1，，2的分值分布，即，修改单词6-7个，增加单词1-2个，删除单词1-2个（2005年除外）三. 改错答案统计分析四. 解题步骤1）通读全文，掌握文章大意。

通读全文，掌握文章大意2）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错 误例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等3）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误例）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误例 如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等4）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上 下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误5）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意 是否通顺，逻辑是否合理是否通顺，逻辑是否合理 十大错误总会出现•错误1：介词冠词问题（错误，多余，遗漏） 20112011（（8 8））•错误2：形容词与副词问题（混淆，级）20112011（（5 5、、6 6、、7 7））•错误3：时态语态语气问题（上下文时态不一，语态混淆，虚拟中动词用错）20152015（（1010））•错误4：非谓语动词问题 （尤其是V-ing与V-ed混淆）•错误5：搭配错误（尤其是动词、名词短语搭配）•错误6：易混词与反义词问题（同形词，近义词误用，根据上下文用了反义词）•错误7：一致问题（人称和数错误，代词替代错误，可数不可数的修饰词混淆）•错误8：定语问题•错误9：衔接错误（句际之间的逻辑关系连接词） 2011 2011（（1010））20152015（（2 2））•错误10：赘述省略平行问题五. 常见错误类型常见错误类型: 从词类看-语法词 词类词类---虚词虚词 典型错误典型错误 冠词冠词1.基本用法基本用法: 定冠词特指定冠词特指,不定冠词泛指不定冠词泛指;2.定冠词定冠词+形容词表示一类人或物形容词表示一类人或物 3.形容词最高级和冠词搭配形容词最高级和冠词搭配 3.固定搭配中的冠词固定搭配中的冠词 5. 零冠词表抽象，定冠词表具体零冠词表抽象，定冠词表具体 代词代词1.指示代词指示代词this, that, these, those的混淆，的混淆，缺失，误用缺失，误用 (8-6;5-3;3-8;9-8)2.关系代词的缺失或误用关系代词的缺失或误用 (8-4; 7-2;5-4,7;2-5) 介词介词1. 介词短语，以及和动词，形容词和名词介词短语，以及和动词，形容词和名词形成的固定搭配错误形成的固定搭配错误 (9-6；；8-1,9,10; 7-6,7; 6- 3, 5-3,4-4,3-3,10; 2-10; 1-1; 0-3, 5; 99-4) 连词连词5 误用（误用（因果，转折，让步因果，转折，让步，并列，选择连，并列，选择连词的误用）词的误用）常见错误类型: 从词类看-语法词 词类词类---实词实词 常见错误常见错误 动词动词1.时态错误时态错误, 主谓不一致主谓不一致 (6-4, 2-6)2.现在分词和过去分词的混淆现在分词和过去分词的混淆(6-1, 5-1,1-7, 0-4,99-4)3.动词短语中成分的缺失动词短语中成分的缺失 （（3-1,4-9,8-2））4. 动词词义误用动词词义误用 (6-7, 8-5) 形容词形容词1.比较级和原级的误用比较级和原级的误用(7-5,6-6,5-6, 3-4) 副词副词1.副词的冗余（副词的冗余（0-5，，1-4，，2-3））2.副词短语副词短语(1-5, 2-10,9-8) 名词名词1.近义，多义名词的误用近义，多义名词的误用 (3-1,4-9,8-2)近义近形词辨析•2009-4: something and anything•2008-2,3: move and movement, distinctive and distinct •2006-6: grow old---grow older•2011-5，6，7：disagreeing-disagreeable, imaginative-imaginary, literal-literary•2015-3: specially-especially十年考题没有改什么:•虚拟语气没有改•分词做状语没有改•情态助动词没有改•倒装没有改掌握基本的英语语法知识，能在阅读、写作等过程中正确运用这些知识，以达到获取有关信息和表达交流思想的目的。

具体需要掌握的内容如下：1 1、名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；、名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；2 2、介词的词义及其用法；、介词的词义及其用法；3 3、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；4 4、常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；、常用连接词、冠词的词义及其用法；5 5、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用；、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用；6 6、虚拟语气的构成及其用法；、虚拟语气的构成及其用法；7 7、各类从句的构成及其用法；、各类从句的构成及其用法；8 8、强调句型的结构及其用法；、强调句型的结构及其用法；9 9、常用倒装句的结构及其用法常用倒装句的结构及其用法Ø八级考试的这个项目不是孤立地测试学生的语法知识；它更偏重学生运用语法知识的能力，即怎样把书本知识转化成实际能力Ø一要巩固已学过的语法知识，理清概念；Ø二要注重提高运用语言知识解决具体问题的能力 3.篇章结构￿ 旨在测试在具体语境或上下文中使用语法或词汇的能力 这篇短文由十来个在意义上相关联的句子构成；需要修改的语病都出现在这些意义上相互关联的句中。

从篇章结构这个角度去判断句子的正误跳出单句的框架，从语段（表达一相关层次意思的句子组合）的角度来进行判断)  历年试卷中难易度系数偏低的题目大都为第二类错误（句际错误） 平时要加强对篇章的理解能力的训练，了解、熟悉篇章结构的特点： 语段内句子之间关系、语段之间的关系； 它们的类别； 各种不同关系的表示法，等等 1.改错之解题实例2. 改错之解题技巧3. 改错之解题步骤4. 改错之应急方案Example：：When art museum wants a new exhibit, [1] anit never buys things in finished form and [2] neverhangs them on the wall. When a naturalhistory museum wants an exhibition, it [3] exhibitmust often build it. 1. 改错之解题实例改错之解题实例1）每一行只有一个错误每一行只有一个错误2）不要忽视行首与行尾的单词。

不要忽视行首与行尾的单词3）增强语篇意识立足于全文，切忌目无全牛增强语篇意识立足于全文，切忌目无全牛4）改错时应该以句子为单位并认真分析句子内部结）改错时应该以句子为单位并认真分析句子内部结构 2. 改错之解题技巧改错之解题技巧 2. 改错之解题技巧2002年第年第1题：题： One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally”and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately [1] and consciously…  2. 改错之解题技巧2002年第年第1题：题： One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally”and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt deliberately [1] whileand consciously…  2. 改错之解题技巧1）每一行只有一个错误每一行只有一个错误2）不要忽视行首与行尾的单词。

不要忽视行首与行尾的单词3）增强语篇意识立足于全文，切忌目无全牛增强语篇意识立足于全文，切忌目无全牛4）改错时应该以句子为单位并认真分析句子内部结）改错时应该以句子为单位并认真分析句子内部结构  2. 改错之解题技巧2000年第年第7题：题：Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they [7]have, even in the lexical sense.  2. 改错之解题技巧2000年第年第7题：题：Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they [7]have, even in the lexical sense.  2. 改错之解题技巧2000年第年第7题：题：Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably among themselves as the amount of meaning they [7] inhave, even in the lexical sense. 1）通读全文，掌握文章大意。

通读全文，掌握文章大意2）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错）以句子为单位，先对句子结构进行划分，以找出语法错 误例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等例如：成分缺失、主谓不一致、时态语态错误等等3）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误例）若没有明显的语法错误，则需考察词汇和短语的错误例 如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等如：固定搭配错误、词义混淆等等4）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上）若既没有语法错误，也没有词汇错误，则需要通过分析上 下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误下文逻辑关系以侦测语篇错误5）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意）将修改完毕的文章通读一遍，以检查语法是否正确，语意 是否通顺，逻辑是否合理是否通顺，逻辑是否合理 3. 改错之解题步骤改错之解题步骤 如果时间来不及，请着重关注每一个错误行中如果时间来不及，请着重关注每一个错误行中的的逻辑连词逻辑连词和和非谓语动词非谓语动词 4. 改错之应急方案改错之应急方案专八之改错专八之改错 1. 语法错误2. 词汇错误3. 语篇错误1. 语法错误1.1 成分缺失成分缺失 1.2 成分多余成分多余1.3 主谓不一致主谓不一致 1.4 虚拟语气虚拟语气1.5 时态错误时态错误 1.6 语态错误语态错误1.1 语法错误之成分缺失常用的从句常用的从句：：1. 名词性从句名词性从句 2. 定语从句定语从句1.1 语法错误之成分缺失 名词性从句？名词性从句？ 在句子中充当在句子中充当名词性成分的句子。

名词性成分的句子1.1 语法错误之成分缺失名词性从句分为四类：名词性从句分为四类：宾语从句：在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句宾语从句：在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句 主语从句：复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句主语从句：复合句中充当主语的句子叫做主语从句 表语从句：表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语表语从句：表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语 同位语从句：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句同位语从句：在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句1.1 语法错误之成分缺失以上四种从句统称为以上四种从句统称为“名词性从句名词性从句”，例如：，例如：宾语从句：宾语从句：I don’t know where he will go.主语从句：主语从句：Where he will go is unknown.表语从句：表语从句：The problem is that we have no money.同位语从句：同位语从句：We have no idea that you were here. 冠词专八改错冠词错误类型冠词冗余：•2007年•3 去掉the language中的the, 冠词误用•2005年•5 去掉in the school中的the, 冠词误用•2003•2 去掉a steady decline, 冠词误用冠词缺失：•2007•9 加上a，to a large extent, 介词短语固定短语搭配中的冠词：•2007年•9 加上a，to a large extent, 介词短语•2005年•5 去掉in the school中的the, 冠词误用基本用法 泛指泛指 特指特指 可数名词 a/an + 可数名词单数举例：a book, an apple零冠词+可数名词复数举例: books, apples the+可数名词单数/复数举例: the book(s) the apple(s) 不可数名词零冠词+不可数名词举例: water, sugar the + 不可数名词 the water, the sugar•定冠词+形容词表示一类人或事物 （2004年7题）在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的意义区别 不用冠词表示抽象意义不用冠词表示抽象意义 用冠词表示具体含义用冠词表示具体含义 go to school 去上学 go to the school 因事去学校 in school 在校念书 in the school 因事在学校 in class 在上课 in the class 在这个班级 go to college 上大学 go to the college 因事去大学 at desk 在读书；做作业 at the desk 在课桌边 上学学习类在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的意义区别 不用冠词表示抽象意义不用冠词表示抽象意义 用冠词表示具体含义用冠词表示具体含义 at table 进餐 at the table 在餐桌旁 go to bed 睡觉 go to the bed 到床边 in bed 在睡觉 in the bed 卧在床上 in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital （因事）在医院里 come out of hospital 出院come out of the hospital （因事）从医院出来 go to prison 犯罪入狱 go to the prison （因事）在监狱 men of age 成年人 come of age 成年 men of an age 同龄人 keep house 管理家务 keep the house 守在家里 with child 怀孕 with the child 和这个小孩在一起 in red 穿着红色的衣裳 in the red 负债 生活家居类在一些搭配中用冠词和不用冠词的意义区别 不用冠词表示抽象意义不用冠词表示抽象意义 用冠词表示具体含义用冠词表示具体含义 in office 在职 in the office 在办公室 out of office 离职 out of the office 从办公室出来 come into office 就职 come into the office 来到办公室 behind time 晚点 behind the time 落伍 by day 白天 by the day 按日计算 in secret 秘密地 in the secret 参与阴谋 take place 发生 take the place 取代 out of question 没有问题 out of the question 完全不可能 go to sea 出航 go to the sea 去海边 be at sea 在海上航行；茫然 be at the sea 在海边 by sea 乘船 by the sea on end 连续地 in the end 最后 工作处所类在一些搭配中用定冠词和不定冠词的意义区别 用不定冠词用不定冠词 用定冠词用定冠词 after a fashion 马马虎虎 after the fashion of 仿照 at a time 一次 at the time 那时 in a/one way 有点，在某种程度上 in the way 挡路，妨碍•定冠词和表身体部位的名词：•宾格人称代词+介词+定冠词+身体部位•He caught her by the hand. •他用手抓出了她的手。

•They pulled her by the hair.•他们扯着她的头发•不定冠词和“不可数名词”(99年10题):•1. 很多不可数名词与a/an连用，表示一种或一类：•This seems to be an excellent oil.•A cheese I like is Camembert.•2.饮料类不可数名词与a, an 连用，表示一杯这种饮料•I’d like a beer, please.•3. 不可数名词意义改变，成为可数名词后和a/an连用•a glass， an iron， •4. 可数名词抽象化后，和a/an连用，表示人的一种品质, 搭配是 of +a/an+名词（fool, man, cowardice, scholar, poet---）•He was enough of a man to tell the truth.•他光明磊落讲了实话•He is more of a fool than his younger brother.•他比他弟弟还蠢 •固定搭配中的冠词：•2007年9题: to a large extent•2003年10题: to the same extent•扩展: with a view/an eye to, keep an eye on, take an interest in, at a loss, in a word, on a level with, in a row•in the process of, on the brink of, with the exception of, at the mercy of, to the exclusion of, 常见错误类型:从句子结构 句子结构句子结构 常见错误常见错误 定语结构定语结构1.在用分词做定语时，混淆现在在用分词做定语时，混淆现在分词和过去分；分词和过去分；2.在用从句做定语时，定语从句在用从句做定语时，定语从句的先行词和关系代词使用不当，的先行词和关系代词使用不当，主谓不一致主谓不一致 比较结构比较结构1.比较级比较级+than结构中结构中: 形容词的形容词的级别，比较事物的前后一致级别，比较事物的前后一致表比较的动词表比较的动词,形容词形成的比较形容词形成的比较结构中的固定搭配，前后比较事结构中的固定搭配，前后比较事物的一致物的一致as --- as 并列结构并列结构and前后动词形式的一致，连词前后动词形式的一致，连词的选择的选择定语结构•1. 前置定语---单个形容词，分词•2. 后置定语---分词短语，定语从句前置定语•单个形容词:•过去分词agreed, misled, excited, surprised, tired, frightened, satisfied, lost, convinced, disappointed, moved, exhausted, qualified, interested---, •现在分词: agreeing, misleading, exciting, surprising, tiring, frightening, satisfying, convincing, disappointed, moving, exhausting, qualifying, interesting---- •All interesting parties are invited to attend the meeting. •All interesting parties are invited to attend the meeting.•All interested parties are invited to attend the meeting.•interested: 有利害关系的后置定语-定语从句定语从句定语从句2008年4题:•At the time ^the United States split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals that independence should be linguistically acknowledged by the use of a different language from that of Britain. WhenWhen关系副词缺失关系副词缺失2007年2题:•There is no material in any language today or in the earliest records of ancient languages ^ show us language in a new and emerging state. Showing 非谓语动词错误 能否加that 或 which？定语从句定语从句2007年10题:•Whereas language proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. →those, 做先行词的复数代词只能用those 2006年4题：•the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English speakers. →enable, 主谓一致•20052005年年4 4题题: :•The rise in tuition may reflect the factThe rise in tuition may reflect the fact ^ ^ economic economic uncertainty increases the demand for education.uncertainty increases the demand for education.•20052005年年7 7题题•The ways The ways ^ ^ which universities make themselves attractive which universities make themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate teachers, giving students a governance role, and eliminate required course.--required course.--•20042004年年1010题题: Congressional committees also have the power to : Congressional committees also have the power to compelcompel testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for testimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptcontempt•of Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjuryof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjury thesethese who give false testimony. who give false testimony.• •20022002年年5 5题：题：It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwritingour own handwriting is something is something whichwhich we almost always we almost always know. know. •先行词的误用，关系代词先行词的误用，关系代词/ /副词的缺失副词的缺失, , 误用，定语从句的主谓一致误用，定语从句的主谓一致•定语从句: 先行项+关系词+定语从句:•先行项+关系代词+定语从句•先行项+介词+关系代词+定语从句•先行项+关系副词+定语从句•关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose; as, what, )•关系副词(when, where, why, that)•能做先行项的指示代词: 单数形式只能是that, 复数形式只能是those(不能是these):哪些情况下定语从句只能用哪些情况下定语从句只能用thatthat做关系代词做关系代词: :1. everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词做先行词：•I do not buy anything that is too expensive.•There is something that you don’t know.2. 人和物一起做先行词•The farmer has a clever son and a large farm that make him have a sense of pride.3. 先行词被序数词，形容词最高级或any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little等成分修饰时:•He is the only man that can speak four foreign languages in our company.•Tell us all things that you know.•It is the largest map that I ever saw. 哪些情况下定语从句只能做which关系代词:1. 非限定性定语从句中，先行词表物:•Beijing, which has been China’s capital for 800 years, is rich culture. 2. 出现在介词后面，先行词表物：•This is the question about which we have had so much discussion. •The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.3. 非限定性定语从句中指代前面一句话先行项先行项+ +介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词+ +定语从句结构中定语从句结构中介词的选择介词的选择: :1. 看搭配A. 所选介词和定语从句中的动词，形容词和名词构成固定搭配:•He is the man on whom you can depend.•He gave me some references with which I am not familiar. •This is a key site over which our troops has lost control.B. 所选介词和先行词构成固定搭配:•The ease with which Mr. Green carried the heavy machine was unbelievable. •Public demonstrations are an effective means by which the people can bring social inequalities to the attention of the government.•When television was first introduced, the extent to which it would affect human society could not have been foreseen.•The rate at which they are being destroyed has increased.•2015(6) 看定语从句句意是否完整看定语从句句意是否完整: :•如果完整，所选名词就应该和前面的先行词构成固定搭配•如果不完整，所选名词就应该和定语从句中的名词，动词和形容词构成固定搭配2. 看句意选介词:•Egypt enjoys a long history ---- which it is known.•Hang Zhou is a human paradise ---- which it is known.•Our life is like a wheel with six spokes: family, financial, mental, social and spiritual. The physical spoke is our health, ---- which nothing makes sense. 2. 看句意选介词:•Egypt enjoys a long history for which it is known.•Hang Zhou is a human paradise as which it is known.•Our life is like a wheel with six spokes: family, financial, mental, social and spiritual. The physical spoke is our health, ---- which nothing makes sense. 2. 看句意选介词:•Egypt enjoys a long history for which it is known.•Hang Zhou is a human paradise as which it is known.•Our life is like a wheel with six spokes: family, financial, mental, social and spiritual. The physical spoke is our health, ---which nothing makes sense. 2. 看句意选介词:•Egypt enjoys a long history for which it is known.•Hang Zhou is a human paradise as which it is known.•Our life is like a wheel with six spokes: family, financial, mental, social and spiritual. The physical spoke is our health, without which nothing makes sense. •The company, ---- which Max Harrison was until recently the chairman, has made loss of three million pounds this year.•The company, of which Max Harrison was until recently the chairman, has made loss of three million pounds this year.•定语从句: Max Harrison was until recently the chairman of the company (which).关系代词as: 既可引导限定性定语从句也可引导非限定性定语从句: as引导非限定性定语从句引导非限定性定语从句 as引导限定性定语从句引导限定性定语从句 as 指代的是整句话 as指代一个先行词 as可放在位置灵活，可放在句首，句 中和句尾用于such ---as, the same---as, as---as的固定搭配中的固定位置 例句:例句: As is often pointed out, knowledge is two-edged sword.He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book.There is, as has been mentioned, a growing body of research into swine flu.He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid. She was married again, as was expected.He is not the same playboy as we knew.•The young man cheated his friend, as was disgraceful. •The young man cheated his friend, which was disgraceful. as做关系代词指代一句话做关系代词指代一句话which做关系代词指代一句话做关系代词指代一句话as位置灵活，可放在句首，句中，句末 which只能放在句末as是“就像---”，表示只能顺承 which本身没有含义， 既可表顺承，反对，排斥，否定前面的那句话关系副词•常见关系副词: when, where, why, that how(?):•when的先行词是表时间的名词，where的先行词是表地点的名词，why的先行词是表原因的名词reason•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•I’ ll never forget the day ---- I spent on campus.•I’ll never forget the day ---- we first met on campus.•This is the place ---- bred many famous scientists.•This is the place ---- many famous scientists often get together.•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•I’ ll never forget the day which I spent on campus.•I’ll never forget the day when we first met on campus.•This is the place ---- bred many famous scientists.•This is the place ---- many famous scientists often get together.•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•I’ ll never forget the day which I spent on campus.•I’ll never forget the day when we first met on campus.•This is the place ---- bred many famous scientists.•This is the place ---- many famous scientists often get together.•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•I’ ll never forget the day which I spent on campus.•I’ll never forget the day when we first met on campus.•This is the place where bred many famous scientists.•This is the place where many famous scientists often get together.•※先行词是表时间或地点的名词，不一定都用when和where引导：•I’ ll never forget the day ■ I spent on campus.•I’ll never forget the day ■we first met on campus.•This is the place ■bred many famous scientists.•This is the place ■ many famous scientists often get together.How不能做关系副词？•2005年7题•The ways how universities made themselves attractive to students include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers---. 表方式的先行词way/manner在定语从句中方式状语:•the way/manner(s) + that+定语从句•the way/manner(s)+ in which + 定语从句•the way/manner(s) +定语从句•That’s the way in which she speaks. √•That’s the way that she speaks. √•That’s the way she speaks. √ •That’s the way how speaks. ×ו(RandolphRandolph QuirkQuirk. A A Comprehensive Grammar of Comprehensive Grammar of the English Languagethe English Language. pp.1254)关系代词在定语从句中的误用:•2007(10): these---those, 代词误用•2008(6): those---that,代词误用•2012(7): that, 关系代词缺失比较结构•比较结构: 为了避免重复，从句中常出现省略和替代，注意保持句子前后比较对象的一致，特别要注意代词是否使用正确；专八中的比较结构中比较的成分时所有格+名词中心词 •0808年年6 6题题: There were proposals that independence : There were proposals that independence should be linguistically acknowledged by the use should be linguistically acknowledged by the use of a different language of a different language fromfrom those of those of Britain. Britain. •0505年年3 3题题: increasingly the outlook of : increasingly the outlook of universities in the United States is a universities in the United States is a indistinguishable indistinguishable from those of from those of business. business. •0303年年8 8题题: their marriages remained intact to a : their marriages remained intact to a greater extent greater extent than that of than that of couples who married couples who married in earlier as well as later decades.in earlier as well as later decades.•9999年年8 8题题: their blood cholesterol level are very : their blood cholesterol level are very low (about low (about half of half of the average American adult.) the average American adult.) •所有格所有格+ +名词名词+ +比较结构比较结构+ +所有格所有格+ +代词代词, , 一定要是同类事一定要是同类事物比较物比较•常用比较结构:•用形容词/副词原级as --- as--- •用比较级和最高级more---than---•the more---,the more---•more and more•more --- than ---: 在有than的比较结构中，主句中必须有比较级形式出现。

•On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. •In the long run, however, this hurry to shed full-time staff may be more harmful to industry as it is to the workforce.•为了保持句子平衡，than后从句可能出现倒装和替代•Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics have higher rates of intermarriage than did U.S.-born whites and blacks.•In addition, far more Japanese works expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than is their counterparts in other countries surveyed. •助动词: 时态看主句，单复数看从句主语•为了保持句子平衡，than后从句可能出现倒装和替代•Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.•In addition, far more Japanese works expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in other countries surveyed. •助动词: 时态看主句，单复数看从句主语as --- as --- (as --- as --- (第一个第一个asas是副词是副词, , 第二个第二个asas是连词是连词) )as + as + 形容词形容词/ /副词副词+as+as•This parcel is as heavy as that one.•Eyes are as eloquent as lips.•She runs as fast as her brother.•She behaves as politely as her brother. as + as + 形容词形容词+ +名词名词+as +as as+ as+ 形容词形容词+ +不可数名词不可数名词/ /复数可数名词复数可数名词•She has written as many essays as her brother.•I have not drunk as sweet coffee as this.•She is as efficient a worker as her brother.•She is a worker as efficient as her brother.•I do not want as expensive a car as hers.•I do not want a car as expensive as hers.•as + 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+as表示倍数的结构: 倍数+比较级+thanBeijing is three times bigger than Chengdu 倍数+as+原级+asBeijing is three times as big as Chengdu. 倍数+the+名词 倍数+that/those of 倍数+what引导的从句Beijing is three times the size of Chengdu. The production of2007 was two thirds that of 2008. Output is now six times what it was 10 years ago.练习•Paper produced every year is three times the weight as the world’s production of cars.•They have produced one million cars with a total value 20 times than what it was in 1990s.A is to B what C is to DA is to B what C is to D•Air is to us what water is to fish.•The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish. •Reading is to the mind what sight is to the body. •Reading is the thing to mind which sight is to the body. 变体变体: what/as C is to D, so is A to B/A is to : what/as C is to D, so is A to B/A is to B B•What air is to us, water is to fish.•As air is to us, so is water to fish.比较结构中常出现的单词和搭配:•differ/different/distinct from, distinguish from •as opposed to, bear resemblance to, vary from, like, unlike, alike, contrast, contrary, compare, comparison, liken, match, same, similar, identical, equal, equivalent, the same as , prefer --- to ---, 连词-语篇和逻辑•1. 常在什么地方设置连词错误•2. 常考什么样的逻辑错误•3. 注意几个由动词演变而成的连词1. 常在什么地方设置连词错误•-----两条线索的衔接或比较处•（06-9，07-4，07-1，09-5，10-4，11-10，12-10，14-8，15-2）2. 2. 常考什么样的逻辑错误？常考什么样的逻辑错误？ 错错 误误 正正 确确 2006-9 or 选择选择 and 并列顺承并列顺承 2007-1 and 并列顺承并列顺承 or选择选择 2009-5 therefore 结果结果 however 转折转折 2010-4 whereas 让步让步 but 转折转折 2011-10 therefore 结果结果 nevertheless转折转折 2012-10 and 并列顺承并列顺承 but 转折转折 2014-8 or 选择选择 and并列顺承并列顺承 2015-2 and 并列顺承并列顺承 but 转折转折•转, but, nevertheless, however, •并, and, or, •因，since•果，therefore, so•让, although•最常考的因果关系和转折关系的混淆•时间: when连词-语篇•逻辑错误：由动词转化而来的连词/起连接作用的介词特别注意: given, granted, provided, providing, considering, judging from, seeing, in that, •Judging by his jovial manner he must have enjoyed his meal. •There's no annual fee provided/providing that you use the credit card at least six times a year.•John did quite well in his exams, considering how little he studied.•Given that the patients have some disabilities, we still try to enable them to be as independent as possible.•Seeing that he's been ill all week, he's unlikely to come.七. 复习建议•返璞归真, 小词搭配: •have, do, make, take, let, set, go, come, get, give, ask, put, play, pay, pass, push, pull, come, throw, work, cut, call, care, carry, see, raise, run, speak, stand, raise, rise, turn, return, use, stay, show, say, talk, fail, live, keep, hold, break, bring, catch, lead, gain, help, lose, stick•常用搭配。