2903101720英国文学简史Part II The English Renaissance2.ppt

 Renaissance: Floweringl1. Poetryl Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Lyly & Sonnet from Shakespearel2. ProselFrancis Baconl3. Dramal Christopher Marlowe & William Shakespeare, Ben Johnson Early Plays in Middle Agesn n1. The Mystery /Miracle Plays n n神秘剧神秘剧/圣迹剧圣迹剧           n n2. The Morality Playsn n道德剧道德剧n n3. The Classical Playsn n古典剧古典剧Question: What are the significances of 3 kinds of plays? I. The Miracle Plays 圣迹剧圣迹剧l1. Choose the right answer.l The Miracle plays were at first performed in the _____.lA. churches   B. market place   lC. wagon   D. theatrelAl2. True or Falsel The Miracle plays were not forbidden to perform in churches after the actors introduced secular and even comical elements into the performance.  lTn n在在在在15991599年歌剧诞生之前，戏剧就已经存在了，年歌剧诞生之前，戏剧就已经存在了，年歌剧诞生之前，戏剧就已经存在了，年歌剧诞生之前，戏剧就已经存在了，中世纪的神秘剧中世纪的神秘剧中世纪的神秘剧中世纪的神秘剧 （（（（mystery playmystery play）））） 就是其中最就是其中最就是其中最就是其中最主要的形式之一，其内容主要取材自主要的形式之一，其内容主要取材自主要的形式之一，其内容主要取材自主要的形式之一，其内容主要取材自《《《《圣经圣经圣经圣经》》》》中的中的中的中的故事，包含独唱、重唱、合唱等表达方式，例如著故事，包含独唱、重唱、合唱等表达方式，例如著故事，包含独唱、重唱、合唱等表达方式，例如著故事，包含独唱、重唱、合唱等表达方式，例如著名的名的名的名的《《《《但以理神秘剧但以理神秘剧但以理神秘剧但以理神秘剧》》》》。

在同时代，还有一种以圣在同时代，还有一种以圣在同时代，还有一种以圣在同时代，还有一种以圣徒徒徒徒 殉道为题材的圣迹剧（殉道为题材的圣迹剧（殉道为题材的圣迹剧（殉道为题材的圣迹剧（miracle playmiracle play），），），）， 但流但流但流但流传不如神秘剧广泛传不如神秘剧广泛传不如神秘剧广泛传不如神秘剧广泛 II. The Morality Play 道德剧道德剧l1. Morality plays appeared after_____. lA. miracle plays  lB. mystery plays   lC. interlude    lD. Classical playslAl2. A morality play presented the ________ of good and ______ with ____________personages.conflictevilallegoricaln n道道道道 德剧（德剧（德剧（德剧（moral playmoral play）））） 的题材不像前两者那样取自宗教，而的题材不像前两者那样取自宗教，而的题材不像前两者那样取自宗教，而的题材不像前两者那样取自宗教，而是比较世俗化，介于宗教剧与世俗剧之间。

这类剧的主人公往往是比较世俗化，介于宗教剧与世俗剧之间这类剧的主人公往往是比较世俗化，介于宗教剧与世俗剧之间这类剧的主人公往往是比较世俗化，介于宗教剧与世俗剧之间这类剧的主人公往往是抽象化的角色，诸如是抽象化的角色，诸如是抽象化的角色，诸如是抽象化的角色，诸如“ “善善善善” ”、、、、“ “恶恶恶恶” ”、、、、“ “美德美德美德美德” ”、、、、“ “慈悲慈悲慈悲慈悲” ”、、、、 “ “真理真理真理真理” ”、、、、“ “死亡死亡死亡死亡” ”等等，采用拟人的方式来加以表现，主要功等等，采用拟人的方式来加以表现，主要功等等，采用拟人的方式来加以表现，主要功等等，采用拟人的方式来加以表现，主要功用是教化民众，教人抛弃欲望，一心向善用是教化民众，教人抛弃欲望，一心向善用是教化民众，教人抛弃欲望，一心向善用是教化民众，教人抛弃欲望，一心向善到到到到 十六世纪，道德剧越来越世俗化，最终发展成世俗剧，形式十六世纪，道德剧越来越世俗化，最终发展成世俗剧，形式十六世纪，道德剧越来越世俗化，最终发展成世俗剧，形式十六世纪，道德剧越来越世俗化，最终发展成世俗剧，形式也更加多样化，包括世俗插剧（也更加多样化，包括世俗插剧（也更加多样化，包括世俗插剧（也更加多样化，包括世俗插剧（secular interludesecular interlude）、闹剧）、闹剧）、闹剧）、闹剧（（（（farcefarce）、民俗剧（）、民俗剧（）、民俗剧（）、民俗剧（folk playfolk play）和寓言剧（）和寓言剧（）和寓言剧（）和寓言剧（allegorical allegorical dramadrama）。

其中闹剧是完全世俗）其中闹剧是完全世俗）其中闹剧是完全世俗）其中闹剧是完全世俗 化的戏剧，没有任何宗教成分，化的戏剧，没有任何宗教成分，化的戏剧，没有任何宗教成分，化的戏剧，没有任何宗教成分，民俗剧主要以罗宾汉等家喻户晓的人物为主角，世俗插剧用于节民俗剧主要以罗宾汉等家喻户晓的人物为主角，世俗插剧用于节民俗剧主要以罗宾汉等家喻户晓的人物为主角，世俗插剧用于节民俗剧主要以罗宾汉等家喻户晓的人物为主角，世俗插剧用于节庆演出，寓言剧主要流行于荷兰、比利时等国家庆演出，寓言剧主要流行于荷兰、比利时等国家庆演出，寓言剧主要流行于荷兰、比利时等国家庆演出，寓言剧主要流行于荷兰、比利时等国家II. The Morality Play 道德剧道德剧l3. _____ is used to say and do good things.lA. Mercy   B. Folly    lC. Vice    D. PeacelAl4. One of the popular morality plays was ____.lA. The Shepherds   lB. Everyman   lC. The Play of the Weather   lD. Gammer Gurton’s NeedlelBIII. The Classical Drama§1. Through the revival of classical literature, English playwrights came into contact with _____ and ______drama.§2. From the contact with Greek and Latin drama, English playwrights learned all the important rules in ________ and ______, the more exact conception of ________ and ________.GreekLatinstructurestylecomedytragedy III. The Classical Drama¡4. The first English comedy is and the first English tragedy is_________________________.¡Miracle plays, morality plays, interludes and classical plays paved the way for the flourishing of drama.¡Besides, advanced London Theatre system and increasing numbers of audience serve for the development of drama.Other changes in dramal1. The Interlude插曲插曲,幕间插入的表演幕间插入的表演lWhat is the purpose of “Interlude”?lTo enliven (cheer up) the audience after a solemn (serious) scene.lThe interesting interlude is___________. l2. London theatrelPlays produced for the general publiclRoofless>open airlNo artificial lightinglCourtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleriesl3. The audienceThe Play of the Weather Chritopher MarloweUniversity WitsUniversity Wits     大学才子派大学才子派￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿It was a group of Elizabethan It was a group of Elizabethan playwrights and pamphleteers who once playwrights and pamphleteers who once studied at the universities of Oxford or studied at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge. Later they set up as Cambridge. Later they set up as professional writers, selling their learning professional writers, selling their learning and their wits to the London public of and their wits to the London public of playgoers and to the public as well. The playgoers and to the public as well. The most important figures include Robert most important figures include Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Greene, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Lodge. Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Lodge. And the most gifted is Marlowe (1564And the most gifted is Marlowe (1564– –1593), 1593), the greatest of the pioneers of the greatest of the pioneers of English Drama,who first made blank English Drama,who first made blank verse the principal instrument of verse the principal instrument of English drama. English drama.  大学才子派大学才子派, , 即：莎士比亚之前英国人文即：莎士比亚之前英国人文主义戏剧家的总称。

马洛（主义戏剧家的总称马洛（15641564——15931593））是是“ “大学才子大学才子” ”中最有才华、成就最大的中最有才华、成就最大的一个，在文学史上享有一个，在文学史上享有“ “诗剧的晨星诗剧的晨星” ”、、“ “英国悲剧之父英国悲剧之父” ”的美誉他是莎士比亚他是莎士比亚他是莎士比亚他是莎士比亚以前英国戏以前英国戏以前英国戏以前英国戏 剧界最重要的人物，也是英国剧界最重要的人物，也是英国剧界最重要的人物，也是英国剧界最重要的人物，也是英国文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人，首先将无韵文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人，首先将无韵文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人，首先将无韵文艺复兴戏剧的真正创始人，首先将无韵诗节运用于戏剧创作中诗节运用于戏剧创作中诗节运用于戏剧创作中诗节运用于戏剧创作中blank verse(无韵诗，素体诗无韵诗，素体诗 )oRefer to p.55o Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.不押韵的五音步诗不押韵的五音步诗行行 othe principal instrument of English drama a living thing, vigorous, fluid and precise Works§Tamburlaine(1587), 《帖木儿大帝》§The Jew of Malta (1592) 《马耳他的犹太人》§The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1588)《浮士德博士的悲剧》（P52-53）“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”(after-class reading) Marlowe’s Learning and Workslearned and knowledgeableastronomy, geography, medical science, history, Greek epics and Latin, and especial interest in drama3 best plays: Tamburlaine «铁木儿铁木儿», in 1587The Jew of Malta, «马耳他岛的犹太人马耳他岛的犹太人» in 1592Dr. Faustus, «浮士德博士的悲剧浮士德博士的悲剧» in 1588“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”(after-class reading)  Marlowe’s Works: Tamburlaine 《《铁木儿铁木儿》》the subject-matterThe career of Tamburlaine the Mongol conquerora shepherd; a Khan finallyFortune’s lordRefer to the excerpts on p. 51 cruel, inhuman, cold-blooded, heartlessBy depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.  Marlowe’s Works: The Jew of Malta (马耳他的犹太人）The hero of The Jew of Malta is Barabas, a rich merchant and a Tamburlaine in the narrower sphere of finance. Multiple choiceso____ is Marlowe’s masterpiece.oA. TamburlaineoB. The Jew of MaltaoC. The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusoD. The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveoCMarlowe’s Doctor Faustus(p.52-53)German legend, with more striking humanist color1. Hero: Doctor Faustus chief feature: an insatiable thirst for knowledge (不能满足的不能满足的) (渴望渴望)Doctor Faustus sold his soul to the Devil so as to gain magical powers. Story:nFaustus is a scholar at Wittenberg University.He orders his servant Wagner to get two practitioners of black magic.Faustus wants to be his own god.When Wagner is away, the Good Angel and Evil Angel appear and try to win Faustus for their cause.Faustus is taught the basics of black magic, and conjures up (用魔法召唤) the devil’s messenger, Mephistophilis.nMephistophilis wants to claim Faustus’ soul..Faustus and Mephistophilis make a deal: 24 years of service from M., in exchange for Faustus’ oul…Mephistophilis has to let Faustus in on dark mysteries of life. Lucifer, prince of the devils, tells Mephistophilis that Faustus must sign a contract in blood.Faustus doesn’t believe in hell, even though Mephistophilis tells him what it’s like.nIn the 25 years to come, Faustus sometimes wishes to repent（后悔）, but it talked out of it by Mephistophilis.Faustus becomes famous for his powers..On the night when the deal ends, Faustus confesses his pact to some scholar friends, who urge him to repent before God. But he can’t.At midnight, devils come to take him away.Faustus goes to hell, because he desired more than what God permits for a man.How is Dr. Faustus representative of the spirit of the Renaissance? §ThemeIt celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition. The play’s dominant moral is human rather than religious. 剧本充分肯定了知识可以征服自然和实现理想的伟大力量，它赞扬了剧本充分肯定了知识可以征服自然和实现理想的伟大力量，它赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱。

揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求要付出的代价而时间的限制则是人类面临的最严酷意识到这些渴求要付出的代价而时间的限制则是人类面临的最严酷的现实剧本主导的道德精神是人文的而非宗教的的现实剧本主导的道德精神是人文的而非宗教的 Social Significance of Marlowe’s Plays1.Reflection of Humanist spirit1)The praise of individuality2)The conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts. Man’s reason and power is everything, Social Significance of Marlowe’s Plays2. the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie• eager curiosity for knowledge• insatiable appetite for power• Resolute(坚决的坚决的) character• scorn of orthodox creed信信条条• skepticism (怀疑）怀疑）toward ChristianTamburlaine:Doctor FaustusThe Jew of Maltaambitiondesire for knowledgegreed for wealth• typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital （原始资本积累）（原始资本积累）Social Significance of Marlowe’s Plays3. yet see the defects beyond the glories and satire such desire. The heroes are individualists whose ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.William William ShakespeareShakespeare威廉威廉威廉威廉· ·莎士比亚莎士比亚莎士比亚莎士比亚Overview¡1.His life¡2. Divisions of his literary career and his works.¡a.  the first period(1590-1600)¡b.  the second period(1601-1608)¡c.   the third period(1609-1612)¡3. Analysis of some famous works such as “hamlet”, “Othello”, “the Merchant of Venice” and so on.¡4. Introduction of Shakespeare’s sonnets.Who was he?§Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English literature§Poet and dramatist§Wrote 37 plays: comedies, histories, tragedies§Composed about 154 sonnets and a few poems§Started out as an actor§Comment by his contemporariesHis lifelBorn April 23, 1564 in Stratford-on-AvonlParents John and Mary Arden Shakespeare l7 brothers and sisterslGrammar school from age 7 to 13. No further formal education knownl1582 at age 18 married Anne Hathawayl1582-1592? Stratford- on-Avon 埃文河畔斯特拉特福§1592 (28 years old) went to London becoming an actor and playwright§1598 begin his theatre career: built Globe Theatre (owned shares in it)§1610 retired from theatre§1611 died on April 23 at age 52The Theatre GlobeIt was built in 1599 and Shakespeare and a group of actors put money together to build the theatre. It was the first time ever in England actors had paid to build a theatre. So that was very special. And it became the number one theatre in London as Shakespeare's company became the number one acting company of London. So it became from 1599 as the number one venue for theatre and certainly the number one venue for Shakespeare's plays until 1613. And in 1613 they put on a play about Henry VIII and they had a cannon (火炮)effect to announce the arrival of the king on stage. But it was a special effect that went badly wrong because a spark from the cannon flew up and hit the roof which is made of. Thatch (茅草屋顶). It caught fire and the theatre burnt to the ground during a performance. Luckily for all of us today, the theatre has been rebuilt and it is a wonderful place to be.literary career           Shakespeare's literary career can be roughly Shakespeare's literary career can be roughly divided into 4 periods:divided into 4 periods:1. 1. Period of early experimentation(1590Period of early experimentation(1590——15941594)  ) 2. 2. Period of rapid growth and development(1595Period of rapid growth and development(1595——1600)1600)3. 3. Period of gloom and depression (1601Period of gloom and depression (1601——1607)1607)4. 4. Period of calm after storm (1608Period of calm after storm (1608——1612)1612)A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays （the first）1.The first period of early apprenticeship (1590-1594):1) Henry VI, Part II, III, I2) Richard III3) The Comedy of Errors 《《错误的喜剧错误的喜剧》》 《《错中错错中错》》 4) Titus Andronicus 《《泰特斯泰特斯·安庄尼克斯安庄尼克斯》》A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays (the first)5) The Taming of the Shrew 《《驯悍妇驯悍妇》》6) The Two Gentlemen of Verona              《《维洛那二绅士维洛那二绅士》》7) Love’s Labor’s Lost 《《爱的徒劳爱的徒劳》》 《《空爱一场空爱一场》》 8) Romeo and Juliet 《《罗密欧与朱丽叶罗密欧与朱丽叶》》The first period of early apprenticeshipExperiments in a number of dramatic form:1. The historical play2. Varieties of comedy 3. The revenge tragedy4. The romantic tragedy5. Narrative poems1. Venus and Adonis 《《维纳斯和阿道尼斯维纳斯和阿道尼斯》》2. The Rape of Lucrece 《《露克丽丝受辱记露克丽丝受辱记》》 The First Period of Apprenticeship(1590—1594) Shakespeare’s first theatrical success:Henry VI, in three actsHenry VI, Part IHenry VI, Part IIHenry VI, Part IIIRichard IIIfirst historical tetralogy (四部曲四部曲)history of the War of the Roses recent historyof EnglandFour Comedies in the First PeriodThe Comedy of ErrorsThe Two Gentlemen of VeronaThe Taming of the ShrewLove’s Labor’s Lostcomic confusions in the same city, in one day, twin brothers with their twin servantsValentine, Proteus Silvia, JuliaKatharine,Petruchio 彼得鲁乔彼得鲁乔King of Navarre and his three lordsPrincess of France and three of her attendant ladiesEarliest successful tragedy: Romeo and JulietTwo families in Verona: bitter enmity 仇恨仇恨 the Capulets and the Montagues a feast—Romeo—love—secret marriage—kill—banishment(流放流放)—marry Paris, a young nobleman—sleeping potion —profound sleep—poison, die—stab with dagger Though a tragedy, there is notinge (hint) of pessimism in the play. It is a song of youth and true love.Writing Features of the First Periodl1. concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentimentl2. early history plays, handle political themes and give historical lessonsl3. extraordinary facility(熟练熟练) in expression and a felicity(恰当恰当) in the choice of phrases and epithets(表示性质、表示性质、特征的形容词特征的形容词)Features of the First Periodl4. not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation at firstl5. mistaken identity, the best source of funl6. historical accuracy, not so strictly regardedl7. an increasing insight into character and mind, a good command of characterization in Romeo and JulietFeatures in the First Periodl8. poetical dramas: important dialogues and soliloquies(独白独白) assume(采取采取……形式形式) the form of poetryl9. the influence of Marlowe, blank verse in drama which developed into a happy vehicle (means) to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays (the 2nd)2. the second period of rapid growth and maturity (1595-1600):1)  Richard II 《《里查德二世里查德二世》》2) A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《《仲夏夜之梦仲夏夜之梦》》3)  King John 《《约翰王约翰王》》4) The Merchant of Venice 《《威威尼尼斯斯商商人人》》 A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays (the 2nd)5) Henry IV, Part I; Henry IV, Part II《《亨亨利四世利四世》》6) Much Ado about Nothing《《无事自扰无事自扰》》 《《无事生非无事生非》》7) Henry V《《亨利五世亨利五世》》8) The Merry Wives of Windsor  《《温莎温莎的风流女人的风流女人》》  A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays (the 2nd)l9)  Julius Caesarl《《凯撒大帝凯撒大帝》》l10) As You Like Itl《《如愿如愿》》 《《皆大欢喜皆大欢喜》》l 11)  Twelfth Night 《《第十二夜第十二夜》》The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity (1594—1600 )A period of great comedies and mature historical plays:1)6 comedies, 2)5 historical plays, 3)a Roman tragedy, 4)and some sonnets. advance in every way:knowledgewisdompolitical insightdramatic skillcreative powercharacterizationversification(作诗作诗)Writing features of the 2nd Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity (on theme)lIn comedies, the general spirit is optimism.lAlthough there are sorrow, sin and guilty, virtue shall have its reward and triumph and the wrong shall disappear before the forces of good.lIn the historical plays of the second period, different phases (stage, period) of English life are shown before us.lThe  second  period  is  Shakespeare’s  sweet and  joyful  time,  portraying  a  magnificent panorama  (view)  of  the  manifold  (various) pursuits of people in real life. Four Great Comediesl Twelfth Night:Twin brother and sisterSebastian and ViolaOlivia OrsinoA MidsummerNight’s Dream: A beautiful fairytale+ the strugglefor happiness of 2 pairs of lovers.As You Like it:Romantic & pastoral The Merchant of Venice : royalty of Bassanio, wisdom of Portia, greed of ShylockThe great comedies    1) Theme: He sang of the youth,love and ideal    1) Theme: He sang of the youth,love and ideal                      of happiness.                      of happiness.    2) Characters:    2) Characters:         ①① He portrayed young people freed from the  He portrayed young people freed from the feudalfeudal             fetters, who were sons and daughters of              fetters, who were sons and daughters of Renaissance. Renaissance.       ②② He also portrayed shrewd clowns and other  He also portrayed shrewd clowns and other common common             people.            people.      ③③ He placed women at a prominent place, a new  He placed women at a prominent place, a new type. type. The Second Period of Rapid Growth and Maturity (1594—1600 )The first period made Shakespeare _________; in the second period, his position was secured as a ________ and highly successful ______ ,admired, praised and revered (respected) by everyone.famousdramatistpoetlgreat tragedies and dark comedies:  laggravated (加重加重) tragic note (tone), lsocial upheavalslill at ease (不安定不安定)lthe Crown, absolutist专制主义者专制主义者, risingslIn  the  atmosphere  of  general  unrest,  that Shakespeare exposed mercilessly the complicated social contradictions. The Third Period of Gloom and Sadness (1601—1607)l3. the third period of Gloom and Sadness (1601-1607):l1)  Hamlet《《哈姆雷特哈姆雷特》》l2)  Troilus and Cressida l《《特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达》》l3) All’s Well That Ends Well l《《终成眷属终成眷属》》l4) Measure for Measure 《《恶有恶报恶有恶报》》 《《一报还一报一报还一报》》l5) Othello 《《奥塞罗奥塞罗》》  A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays (the third)l6)  King Lear《《李尔王李尔王》》l7)  Macbeth《《麦克白麦克白》《》《麦克佩斯麦克佩斯》》l8) Antony and Cleopatra 《《安安东东尼与克莉奥佩特拉尼与克莉奥佩特拉 》》l9) Coriolanus 《《科利奥兰纳斯科利奥兰纳斯 》》l10) Timon of Athens 《《雅雅典典的的泰泰蒙蒙》》 Four Great Tragediesl a mass of evil murder, lust(不纯洁的欲望不纯洁的欲望), treachery(背叛背叛), ingratitude(忘恩负义忘恩负义)and crimeHamlet: hesitations, suspences,revengeOthello:cheats of Iago 埃古埃古, death of DesdemonaMacbeth: traitor-couple murder King Lear: his 3 daughtersingratitude of Goneril, Rogan. the death of CordeliaThe great tragedies   1) His tragedies were associated with a period of    1) His tragedies were associated with a period of          gloom and sorrow in his life.         gloom and sorrow in his life.  2) They showed the struggle and conflicts between   2) They showed the struggle and conflicts between good good         and evil,  between justice and injustice.        and evil,  between justice and injustice. the 4th period of calm after storm (1608-1612): He no longer hated the world but accepted it with a smile of resignation and again turned to comedies—romantic comedies(动荡之后归平静的时期，面对社会上的种种不公和丑恶，宽恕仁爱是有望解决矛盾的手段) 1)  Pericles《《波里克利斯波里克利斯》》l2) Cymbeline《《辛柏林辛柏林》》l3) The Winter’s Tales《冬天的故事》l4)  The Tempest《暴风雨》l5) Henry VIII《《亨利八世亨利八世》》 Fourth Period of Romantic Dramaa great peacefulness of light and a harmony of earth and heavenAll should be well in the end.Calm and reconciliation: the change of life and mood in the later years of ShakespeareHe placed his hopes and aspiration(理想理想,目标目标) with the future of mankind.Four romances or “reconciliation plays” (和谐剧和谐剧) and one historical playFeatures of his drama (P91-94)(P91-94) 1) Shakespeare is a realist and one of the founders of  1) Shakespeare is a realist and one of the founders of         realism in English literature.       realism in English literature.    2) His dramatic creation often used the method of adoptation.    2) His dramatic creation often used the method of adoptation.    3) His dramas are elastic (    3) His dramas are elastic (灵活的；可改变的灵活的；可改变的), the action ), the action develops  develops          freely without being hindered by the classical rules.        freely without being hindered by the classical rules.    4) He is skilled in many poetic forms and his plays are     4) He is skilled in many poetic forms and his plays are poetical dramas.poetical dramas.5) He is a great master of English language.5) He is a great master of English language.Shakespeare’s Representative Plays 4 comedies:A Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like ItTwelfth Night4 tragedies:Hamlet, OthelloMacbeth, King Lear2 historical plays:Henry IVHenry VTake two plays as exampleslRomeo and JulietlHamletHamlet –plot summary1 Hamlet meets his father’s ghostHamlet – plot summary2 Hamlet learns that his father was killed by his brother Claudius and Queen Gertrude. Note: Claudius--The King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle, and the play’s antagonist Hamlet – plot summary2 Claudius has quickly become king.Hamlet – plot summary3 This is rather upsettingHamlet – plot summary4 The ghost demands revengeHamlet – plot summary5 Hamlet agreesHamlet – plot summary6 His friends swear to keep what they have seen a secretHamlet – plot summary7 Meanwhile… the King’s advisor Polonius meets his daughter Ophelia. Hamlet has upset her.Hamlet – plot summary8 Hamlet is acting madHamlet – plot summary9 A troupe(剧团) of players arriveHamletPlay withinplayThe murder of GonzagoHamlet – plot summary10 Play contains lines which Hamlet writes to expose Claudius and GertrudeHamlet – plot summary11 Hamlet rages(愤怒） at his inability to kill ClaudiusHamlet – plot summary12 Polonius accidentally killed by HamletHamlet – plot summary13 Claudius wants Hamlet to go to EnglandHamlet – plot summary14 …where he will be executedHamlet – plot summary15 Ophelia has been driven mad by father’s death and Hamlet’s rejection of herHamlet – plot summary16 Laertes, Ophelia’s brother, swears revenge on HamletHamlet – plot summary17 Hamlet returns to Danish court: Claudius suggests a duel between Laertes and Hamlet…Hamlet – plot summary18 …where the King will offer Hamlet a poisoned goblet（酒杯）Hamlet – plot summary19 Ophelia diesHamlet – plot summary20 Hamlet muses（深思） on death at Yorick’s graveHamlet – executive summary21 Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are killedNote: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern -  Two slightly bumbling courtiers, former friends of Hamlet from Wittenberg, who are summoned by Claudius and Gertrude to discover the cause of Hamlet’s strange behavior.Hamlet – executive summary22 Queen accidentally poisons herselfHamlet – executive summary23 Both duellists wounded by poisoned sword: Laertes reveals plot and Hamlet kills kingHamlet – executive summary24 Laertes diesHamlet – executive summary25 Hamlet diesQuestions:n nWhat kind of person do you think Hamlet is?n nIs he made or not mad?n nHow did Shakespeare shape this title character?   plotn nTimeline : Swiftness of action can best be seen by following the events of these five days.    Sundayn nA street brawl(A street brawl(争吵, 怒骂)occurs in occurs in the early morning between the the early morning between the Capulets and Montagues.Capulets and Montagues.n nRomeo meets Juliet at the Capulet Romeo meets Juliet at the Capulet feast that night. They declare their feast that night. They declare their love for one another.love for one another.Mondayn nRomeo talks to Friar(Romeo talks to Friar(男修道士) Laurence about his love for Juliet.Laurence about his love for Juliet.n nRomeo and Juliet are married.Romeo and Juliet are married.n nTybalt kills Mercutio.Tybalt kills Mercutio.n nRomeo kills Tybalt.Romeo kills Tybalt.n nRomeo stays the night with Juliet.Romeo stays the night with Juliet.n nCapulet arranges for Juliet to marry Capulet arranges for Juliet to marry Paris Thursday morning.Paris Thursday morning.Tuesdayn nAt dawn, Romeo leaves Juliet to go At dawn, Romeo leaves Juliet to go to Mantua.to Mantua.n nJuliet is told of the plans for her to Juliet is told of the plans for her to marry Paris.marry Paris.n nJuliet goes to Friar Laurence for Juliet goes to Friar Laurence for advice.advice.n nCapulet changes wedding date to Capulet changes wedding date to Wednesday.Wednesday.n nJuliet takes the potion( Juliet takes the potion( 药剂药剂). ).Wednesdayn nJuliet is discovered “dead” and is taken to the Capulet tomb.Thursdayn nBalthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is dead.Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is dead.n nRomeo buys poison and returns to Romeo buys poison and returns to Verona.Verona.n nRomeo kills Paris and then drinks the Romeo kills Paris and then drinks the poison.poison.n nJuliet awakens, finds Romeo dead, and Juliet awakens, finds Romeo dead, and stabs herself.stabs herself.n nEveryone discovers what has happened.Everyone discovers what has happened.Question:n nWhat are conflicts in this play?n nWhat can you get from this play?Person vs. selfn nThe balcony scene is one of the most The balcony scene is one of the most famous scenes in all of theater, owing to famous scenes in all of theater, owing to its beautiful and evocative poetry. its beautiful and evocative poetry. n nHere Shakespeare plumbs the depths of Here Shakespeare plumbs the depths of the young lovers’ characters, and the young lovers’ characters, and captures the subtleties of their captures the subtleties of their interaction, as in Juliet’s struggle interaction, as in Juliet’s struggle between the need for caution and an between the need for caution and an overpowering desire to be with Romeo.overpowering desire to be with Romeo. Social Identity vs. Individual Identityn nJuliet believes that love stems from Juliet believes that love stems from one’s inner identity, and that the feud one’s inner identity, and that the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets between the Montagues and the Capulets is a product of the outer identity, based is a product of the outer identity, based only on names. only on names. n nShe thinks of Romeo in individual terms, She thinks of Romeo in individual terms, and thus her love for him overrides her and thus her love for him overrides her family’s hatred for the Montague name. family’s hatred for the Montague name. n nShe says that if Romeo were not called She says that if Romeo were not called “Romeo” or “Montague,” he would still “Romeo” or “Montague,” he would still be the person she loves. “What’s in a be the person she loves. “What’s in a name?” she asks. “That which we call a name?” she asks. “That which we call a rose / By any other word would smell as rose / By any other word would smell as sweet” (II.i.85–86). sweet” (II.i.85–86). Famous Lines 1:l“Frailty, thy name is woman.”   --Hamlet in soliloquy     女人女人, 你的名字叫弱者你的名字叫弱者 l “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;     Take each man’s censure, but reserve thy    judgment.”    倾听每一个人的意见，可是只对极少数人发表你的意见；接受倾听每一个人的意见，可是只对极少数人发表你的意见；接受每一个人的批评，可是保留你自己的判断。

每一个人的批评，可是保留你自己的判断l“Neither a borrower nor a lender be,    For loan oft loses both itself and friend.”  不要向人告贷，也不要借钱给人；因为债款放了出去，往往不但丢了本不要向人告贷，也不要借钱给人；因为债款放了出去，往往不但丢了本钱，而且还失去了朋友；向人告贷的结果，容易养成因循懒惰的习惯钱，而且还失去了朋友；向人告贷的结果，容易养成因循懒惰的习惯                                  --Polonius to LaertesFamous Lines 2:l  “... there is nothing either good or bad, but    thinking makes it so.” --Hamlet to Rosencrantzl世上的事情本来没有善恶，都是各人的思想把它们分世上的事情本来没有善恶，都是各人的思想把它们分别出来的别出来的 l “O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell and   count myself a king of infinite space—were it not that I have bad dreams.”                          --Hamlet to R and Gl即使把我关在一个果壳里，我也会把自己当作即使把我关在一个果壳里，我也会把自己当作一个拥有着无限空间的君王的。

一个拥有着无限空间的君王的Famous Lines  3:l What is a man, If his chief good and market of his timeBe but to sleep and feed? a beast, no more.(IV.4) l一个人要是把生活的幸福和目的，只看作吃吃睡睡，他还算是个什么东西？简直不过是一头畜生！l we would do We should do when we would; for this ‘would’ changesAnd hath abatements and delays as manyAs there are tongues, are hands, are accidents;（IV.6） l我们所要做的事，应该一想到就做；因为人的想法是会变化的，有多少舌头、多少手、多少意外，就会有多少犹豫、多少迟延l“The play’s the thing wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King.”           --Hamlet in soliloquyFamous Lines 4: “To be, or not to be, that is the question:     Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer    The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,    Or to take arms against a sea of troubles    And by opposing end them.  To die—to sleep,    No more; and by a sleep to say we end   The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks   That flesh is heir to: ‘tis a consummation   Devoutly to be wished. ...l生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。

 Famous Lines 5: ... Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But the dread of something after death, ... Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied over with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pitch and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action.”                                                  --Hamlet in soliloquy l谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，…这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。

 Movies recommendedl1. As you like it皆大皆大欢喜欢喜lDirected by Kenneth Branagh (2006)l2.She is The Man足足球尤物球尤物lDirected by Andy Fickman (2006)Movies recommendedl3. The Banquet夜宴夜宴lDirected by Feng Xiaogang （2006） l4. Othello 奥赛罗奥赛罗lDirected by Oliver Parker （1995）Movies recommendedl5. Romeo and Juliet罗罗密欧与茱丽叶后现代激情密欧与茱丽叶后现代激情篇篇lDirected by Baz Luhrmann (1996)l6.  HamletlDirected by Laurence Olivier (1948)lDirected by Kenneth Branagh (1996)lDirected by Michael Almereyda (2000)Movies recommendedl7. Much Ado About Nothing 都是男人惹都是男人惹的祸的祸lDirected by Kenneth Branagh (1993)l8.Richard III理查三理查三世世lDirected by Richard Loncraine (1995)Movies recommendedl9. The taming of the shrew 驯悍记驯悍记l1967l10 Things I Hate About You l对面恶女看过来对面恶女看过来（1999）l10。

Macbeth 麦克白麦克白lDirected by Geoffrey Wright (2006)Movies recommendedl11. A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏仲夏夜之梦（夜之梦（1999））l12. Julius Caesar凯撒大帝 （2002）l13. King Lear李尔王李尔王(2008)l14. Cleopatra 埃及埃及艳后艳后(1963)。