hiroshima-the-liveliest-city-in-japanPPT优秀课件.ppt

Advanced EnglishAdvanced EnglishBook OneBook OneLesson TwoLesson TwoHiroshima –the “Liveliest” City in Japan1Lead-in Questions1.What’s your impression of Japan? Do you know anything about Hiroshima?2.Do you know the bombardment charged in Hiroshima? Tell us something about it.2I. Background Information (Note 1)•Where is Hiroshima? Hiroshima lies on the delta at the head of Hiroshima Bay, an arm of the Inland Sea. It is the capital Hiroshima prefecture and the chief industrial and population center of the Chugoku region.3Hiroshima : location4About the city•Hiroshima began as a settlement around a cattle built in 1593 by the feudal lord Terumoto Mori. The castle took the name Hiroshima (Broad Island) from its location in the Ota River delta. In time, bridges provided access to the delta, and today more than 80 of them connect the city’s six delta islands with one another and with the mainland.5About the city •Hiroshima owes its early development to its position on the key land and water routes between central Honshu and the island of Kyushu. The Asanto family, who controlled the Hiroshima area throughout most of the Tokugawa period,(1603-1867) promoted the city’s trade and encouraged the establishment of industries6About the city•After the Meiji Restoration(1868), Hiroshima expanded as a modern transportation and industrial center. Major port facilities were completed by 1889, and five years later, the city was linked with Kobe and Shimonoseki by rail. Coal from northern Kyushu and from foreign sources supplied Hiroshima’s iron and steel industry, whose products in turn were utilized in a growing engineering industry, notably in shipbuilding and the manufacture of cars and trucks. Rayon and paper were manufactured from local timber.7The modern Hiroshima The Peace Park8Hiroshima port and ferry terminalHiroshima Peace Memorial Museum9About the city•By the beginning of World War II, Hiroshima was the 7th largest city in Japan, with a population of 350,000. During the war, it was a regional army headquarters as well as a major rail center and producer of war materials.10Bombardment: Hiroshima•At 8:15 a.m. on August 6,1945, the first atomic bomb was exploded over a point near the centre of Hiroshima destroying almost everything within a radius of 6,000 to 8,000 feet ( 1,830-2,450 meters ). The damage beyond this area was considerable, and over 71,000 people were killed instantly. Many more later died of injuries and the effects of radiation. Survivors are still dying of leukemia,（（白血病白血病））pernicious anemia, （（恶性贫血恶性贫血症症））and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged.11The first atomic bomb：：Little BoyThe ruins of the atomic bombAtomic cloud over Hiroshima 12 2nd Bombardment: Nagasaki （日本长崎市）（日本长崎市）uMushroom cloud associated with nuclear explosions （Fat Man）uPicture taken of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, caused 23750 people dead, 43020 wounded 13The relics of the bombThe victims of the bomb14About the city•The Japanese dedicated post-war Hiroshima to peace. The ruins of the Institute of Industrial Development, with its warped dome, were preserved as a symbol of the terror of destruction. Peace Park, which was laid out nearby, includes a cenotaph memorializing the victims and a museum housing relics of the holocaust. A special hospital built in Hiroshima treats people suffering from exposure to radiation and conducts research into its effects. The city now is an important producer of iron and steel, motor vehicles, tractors, ships, machinery, sewing needles, paper, textiles, and food products. 15II. About the title: Hiroshima— the “Liveliest” City in Japan•Why is the word “liveliest” put in quotation marks? •To show that this is what the city is said to be and the writer perhaps considers it ironic to use the word “liveliest” to describe a city that had been atomized.•What’s the type of the writing? •A feature story, or a type of journalistic writing. (Aids to comprehension, Page 27)16III. Structural AnalysislTwo PartslPart I: (Para. 1-27)  The writer’s arrival  at Hiroshima and the reception by the city mayorl       Section 1: (Para. 1- 2 )The  arrival and his    emotions and what the writer saw at the stationl      Section 2 (Para. 3-7) Way to City Halll       Section 3 (Para. 8-27) Meeting the MayorlPart II: (Para. 28-39)  His visit to the special           Hospital    (atomic ward)17 Detailed study of the text:•Part One: Section 1: Comprehensive questions •Can you guess the writer’s occupation, and perhaps, his nationality?•Yes, the writer must be an American journalist or reporter.•What do you think was the aim of the visit?•The writer was invited by the mayor in response to his request for an interview to gather information about Hiroshima today.18 Comprehensive questions to the text•What information is provided in Paragraph One?•First, the author was here on a reportorial mission; second, Hiroshima was not the author’s first assignment; third, he was preoccupied with some sad thoughts– the crime of the A-bomb. He was tortured by a guilty conscience; the last, he didn’t understand Japanese. 19Questions for the understanding of the text l1. What was the Japanese stationmaster saying? l2. How did he get to Hiroshima?l3. What was weighing heavily on his mind?l4. Why did he call his trip to Hiroshima a far great adventure? l5. How was the author feeling after his arrival?l6. What caused “a lump” in his throat?20 Comprehensive questions to the text•Was Hiroshima in any way different from other Japanese cities?•Yes, it was different from other Japanese cities in that it was destroyed by an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945.•How has the city been rebuilt since then?•Since then, it has been rebuilt with hard work and with the help of education, science and technology. The city now is an important producer of iron and steel, motor vehicles, tractors, ships, machinery, sewing needles, paper, textiles, and food products.21Part One: useful expressions •Everybody off: Everybody should now get off the train. To detrain•There is not a soul in the hall. The meeting must have been put off. •In: wearing something e.g. in white; in mourning; in rags; in silk•A lump in one’s throat: a feeling of pressure in one’s throat, caused by repressed emotion•A lot of sad thoughts on my mind: I was troubled about some sad events; I was occupied with some sad thoughts.22ØTo have sth. to do with: to be a concern of ; to be about; to be connected with ØTo have little to do with: My sad thoughts had no connection with what the stationmaster might say. E.g. What he said just now had little to do with the question under discussion.ØTo have nothing to do with: What he said had nothing to do with her.ØThe very sight of the monument reminds me of my good friend who was killed in the battle.23u Paraphrase: The fact that  I was now in Hiroshima was in itself a much more exciting experience for me than any trip I had taken or any reporting work I had done in the past.u Translation: 踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一次令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过来说这行动本身已是一次令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。

我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动uRhetorical questions are usually asked only for effect,  as to emphasize a point, no answer being expected.uI was now at the place where the first A-bomb was dropped.24 Comprehensive questions to Para. 2•Were the Japanese preoccupied with the same thoughts as the writer was?•No. The Japanese were not preoccupied with the same thoughts as the writer was.•How do you know it?•From the description of Paragraph Two, we can see that the Japanese were not preoccupied with the same thoughts as the writer was. •How were the women dressed and what did this suggest? How did the Japanese exchange greetings?25much like; much the same as•The book looks much the same as a box.•That modern construction looks very much like a flying saucer.•Sichuan dialect sounds much the same as Hubei dialect. It is sometimes difficult to tell one from the other.26Some useful expressions •have sth. on one’s mind: I have had the matter on my mind for a long time.•rub shoulders with: (informal) meet and mix with (people); walk together with•E.g. The foreign visitors said that they would like to rub shoulders with ordinary Chinese people.•他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见。

他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见•He loves such gathering at which he rubs shoulders with young people and exchanges opinion with them on various subjects.27p to be oblivious of (or to):  to be unaware of p I am oblivious of my former failure.pShe is oblivious of his adoration.pWe should not be oblivious to the reality that Soviet restraint resulted only from our forcing of the issue and determined persistence.p 他陷入沉思之中，没有理会同伴们在谈些什么他陷入沉思之中，没有理会同伴们在谈些什么pHe was so deep in the thought that he was oblivious of what his friends were talking about.28Useful expressions pto bob up and down: move up and down automatically; pe.g. The cork on his fishing line was bobbing     on the waterpritual formula of gratitude and respect：：form of words used regularly such as “How do you do?” “Excuse me.” 29Øritual : n. adj. All the rites or forms connected with a ceremony; particular form of any procedure regularly followed; here used as an adj. Meaning “done as a rite” Øceremony: 指宗教或其他庄重的祝典中具有特殊形式与指宗教或其他庄重的祝典中具有特殊形式与程序者。

程序者Ø rite: 指宗教或其他庄重的祝典中有事先规定好的程序和指宗教或其他庄重的祝典中有事先规定好的程序和祝词者ØE.g. The graduation ceremony was inspiring.  A priest who heard the explosion went to administer last rites to the dying victims.30•Questions for discussion •1. Do the taxi drivers know much of their city?•2. What do they do if a customer asks them to take him to a place they are unfamiliar with?•3. How did the author get to the City Hall?l4. What impression do you have about the cab driver?l5. How did the author describe the city, why? Detailed study of Para 3-731Detailed study of Para. 3-7l6.How    did  the  usher  react  when  the  author showed him the invitation?•7. Why did the usher heave a long almost musical sigh? What effect does this have on you? l8.  How  did  the  author  manage  to  get  to  the meeting place?l9. What is the general atmosphere of this section? 32u Useful expressions in Para. 3-7upop open: burst open with a short, sharp, slightly explosive sound.u at the sight of : on seeinguCity Hall: a building which houses the offices of a municipal governmentu grin at me: smile broadly as to show teeth, originally expressing amusement , foolish satisfaction or contempt etc., but in current English, tending to imply naïve cheerfulness.33The figure of speech: transferred epithet•The transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate 移位修辞移位修辞•the tall buildings of the martyred city: (the buildings were martyred)•E.g. Even so, the risk of discovery was beginning to cause Pettit sleepless nights. (Pettit was sleepless )•Throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder (in a reassuring manner) 34 Paraphrase •Intermezzo: a short, light dramatic, musical or ballet entertainment between the acts of a play or opera; here the word is used figuratively to refer to anything that fills time between two events- the cab ride that took place between his arrival at Hiroshima and his planned meeting with the mayor.35 Paraphrase •Heave a …… sigh: utter a sigh;•Why did the usher utter a sigh?•Perhaps because many people had gone there wrongly before the author and he had to explain once again.•In response to: in answer to•Sketched: draw roughly and quickly with outline •Thanks to the his map: on account of; owing to; because of 36 Paraphrase •a sort of: a sort of is used to suggest that what is referred to does not fully deserve the name, a kind of, something like a……•E.g. He was acting sort of crazy.•arresting : striking, attracting and holding the attention•adrift: adj. adv. afloat without control, at the mercy of the wind and sea; floating freely without being steered.•amid: prep. among 37Paraphrase:•beige: brownish grey or grayish yellow (the color of sand-stone)•Barge: a restaurant boat; yacht •concrete: cement mixed with sand and gravel etc.•skyscrapers: high modern buildings; scrape means “to touch”38A sort of barge with a roof like one on a Japanese house39A kind of Japanese house4041Little old Japan: small traditional Japanese houses (synecdoche)•Kimono and miniskirt here are used symbolically to represent the old and the new or the East and the West, the tradition and modernization. (metonymy) Rhetoric•Paraphrase: The remarkable feature is that the traditional floating houses among high modern buildings represent the constant struggle between old tradition, (traditional cultural) and new development (western style)42Translation of the sentence•漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。

不断的斗争43The miniskirtsThe kimonos44The kimonosThe miniskirts45•1. How did the author feel when he entered one of the rooms in his socks?•2. How did he feel when he saw the mayor?•3. Why did he have such feelings?•4. How did other foreign journalists feel?Questions for discussion (Para. 8-27)46Questions for the understanding of Para. 8-27l1. What do you imagine the mayor looked like?l2. Why did the author again sense the emotion that had crushed him at the station?l3. Why was it difficult for him to ask why they were gathered at that specific place?l(Because  most  of  the  guests  there  were  Japanese and he couldn’t understand Japanese.)l4. Why did few Americans and Germans seem just as inhibited as he was?47Questions for the understanding of Para.8-27l5. What do you imagine the faces looked like each time the name of Hiroshima was repeated?l6. Why do you think the author repeatedly reminds us of the serious appearances and the psychology of the westerners? l7. What do you think the author expected the mayor to say?   48 Para.8-27: Paraphrase•Treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting: I was not accustomed to walking in my socks so I walked carefully, fearing that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen.•A twinge of embarrassment: a sudden sharp feeling of shame•At the prospect of: at the expectation of•suffering from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.49 What figures of speech is used in the following sentence?•where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony.• repetition; contrast; overstatement • slay: v. (literary) kill or murder (slew—slain)• linger: be slow in dying• agony: great pain or suffering50•Inhibited : feeling restrained•Inhabited: lived•The spinal column: the backbone•The spinal cord: nerve-fibers in the spine which is elongated and stringy, flexible•Note the humorous effect achieved through the use of formal, learned scientific terms. 51Why did the faces grow more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated?•The mayor mentioned Hiroshima repeatedly and to the author who was suffering from a guilty conscience the repeated mention of the name created a suspense which he found hard to bear. That was also why the faces of other foreigners grew more and more serious.52u What did the mayor talk about in his speech?uWhy did the mayor say that Hiroshima is a town known throughout the world for its oyster, not for the bomb? uThe mayor said this because he did not want to embarrass the foreigners by talking about the disaster and he wanted people to forget the tragic past, and because Hiroshima was indeed famous for its oysters.53Compare familiar to with familiar with •Familiar to : well known to•Familiar with : having a good knowledge of •Yueyang Tower is familiar to most of the Chinese people .•Most of the Chinese people are familiar with Yueyang Tower.•The company: the group of people present•Agitated: disturbed , upset54Pictures of some oysters– a kind of sea food55 Figure of speech: anti-climax •Anti-climax （渐降法、突降法）（渐降法、突降法）is a common literary device to achieve humor, surprise, satire etc. the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following one or more significant or elevated ideas. It is usually comic in effect. e.g.… a town known throughout the world for its--oysters.•The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.•I lost my bag and with it my wallet, my ID Cards and my dirty socks.56Example of anticlimax•It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a god fortune must be in want of a wife. (Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice)•1. 这是普遍的真理，一个有钱的单身汉一定想这是普遍的真理，一个有钱的单身汉一定想要找个太太。

要找个太太•2. 一个腰缠万贯的单身汉一定要娶个妻子，这一个腰缠万贯的单身汉一定要娶个妻子，这是个普遍的真理是个普遍的真理 57Comprehension questions (Para. 18-27)•1.Why was the author puzzled at Mayor’s speech?•2. What did the old Japanese man tell the author?•3. Why is the topic so sensitive?•4. What were the two schools of thought?•5. Which school do you think is more reasonable?58Paraphrase •Be about to do: on the point of doing sth. , just going to do sth.•Assent: an acceptance of a statement as true; agreement•Sink in: be fully absorbed or understood; penetrate esp. gradually•Jolt: shake up or jar, as with a bumpy ride or sharp blow; shock or surprise•Reverie: dreamy thinking, esp. of agreeable things; daydreaming59Paraphrase the sentence•I was on the point of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenly realized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking.•大家在几分钟以后才大家在几分钟以后才领悟他话中的含意领悟他话中的含意。

•It was only after a few minutes that his words sank in.•People listened with open-mouthed astonishment while the shocking news sank in.•She was so lost in reverie that she didn’t hear the doorbell ring.60Heinous crime: wicked in high degree•Compare “confuse, puzzle, perplex, bewilder”•Confuse：：表示表示“搞混，搞错搞混，搞错”（（mistake））•Puzzle：：指一个问题非常复杂，难以明白而使人迷惑指一个问题非常复杂，难以明白而使人迷惑•Perplex：：使困窘，迷惑，使混乱难解、为难的，更有使困窘，迷惑，使混乱难解、为难的，更有不知应该如何决定或如何对付的含义不知应该如何决定或如何对付的含义•Bewilder：：强调迷乱而不知所措的含义强调迷乱而不知所措的含义61 Examples•My friend’s behavior me. 使我使我困惑困惑。

•It his parents. 那件事又使他父母那件事又使他父母困困惑•City traffic him. 城市中的交通使他城市中的交通使他茫然不知所措茫然不知所措puzzlesperplexedbewildered62Paraphrase •I must admit that it never occurred to me that I would hear the mayor of talk about oysters.•I thought that people here had not forgotten the disaster the city had suffered.•No one talks about the atomic cataclysm any more, and no one wants to talk about it, especially the people who were born here or who experienced and survived even don’t want to talk about it. ( Climax ) Figures of speech: Climax 63 Figures of speech: Climax •Climax is an arrangement of phrases or sentences in ascending order of importance. (层递修辞法层递修辞法) e.g. •Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.•Craft men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.•She was neat, pleasant, and honest.•The audience smiled, chuckled and finally bowled. What is the implication of the sentence?64pI tell you this because I am almost an old man: •What is the implication of the sentence?•The implication is that is why I do not care if people should know I was here when the bomb was dropped. Other people might try to hide the fact.65 What are the two different schools of thought in Hiroshima?•one that would like to maintain and protect the signs of destruction caused by the bomb, the other that would like to get rid of everything, even the monument that was put up at the exact point over where the bomb exploded, and like to pull down or tear down the atomic museum.•school: group of people sharing the same thought. Lenses: glasses; •bear hidden wounds and burns: carry visible and and invisible scars66Comprehension questions of Part II1. Describe the “atomic section” of the hospital2. What was wrong with the patient?3. Why did some victims commit suicide?4. What kind of prejudice did people have against the descendents of the victims?5. In what way did the patient say he was fortunate?67 Part II: Paraphrase•smelled of formaldehyde and ether: gave out a smell of (甲醛、乙醚甲醛、乙醚) • e.g. The soil smells of fresh grass.•lined the walls of endless corridors: stretchers and wheelchairs are put against the walls in the many corridors.•even healthy visitors would shiver when see those surgical instruments.•by trade: by occupation, by way of making a living; e.g. 那个灰头发上了年纪的人是铜匠那个灰头发上了年纪的人是铜匠。

•That elderly grey-haired man is a coppersmith by trade.68ØI thought somehow I had been spared:  I thought for some reason or other I had not been affected; I thought for some reason or other no harm had been done to me.ØCan you spare me a few minutes?ØCan you spare me a ticket?ØMy belly turned to water:  water began to accumulate in my bellyØI felt sick:  I felt nauseous; I wanted to vomitØ testing and treating: This is called alliteration. Used here to achieve musical effect.69 Figures of speech: alliteration•Alliteration is the use in a phrase or sentence of words beginning with the same letter or sound. Alliteration should be used only when the writer makes a strong emotional response to his subject. E.g.•The sun sank slowly.•We felt as fiddle as fit.•Master of Mystery and Murder70 Paraphrase • a handful of patients: a few patients• a handful of silver; a handful of clay• a mouthful of rice; a mouthful of water• humiliate: hurt the pride or dignity of•Paraphrase: It is a disgrace for an atomic victim to remain alive in the city (or to continue to live in this city).•Your children will be looked down upon by those who are not atomic victims.71 Compare “ashamed, humiliated, mortified”•ashamed: 强调因自己做了错事、不正常的事或傻事而强调因自己做了错事、不正常的事或傻事而感觉羞耻。

感觉羞耻E.g. I was ashamed when I cried at the movies.•humiliated: 强调在他人面前遭受奚落或羞辱而内心感强调在他人面前遭受奚落或羞辱而内心感觉痛苦觉痛苦 E.g. to humiliate oneself; Parents are humiliated if their children behave badly when guests are present.•mortified: 指受极端羞辱而惴惴不安，有时也含有指受极端羞辱而惴惴不安，有时也含有ashamed之意 E.g. He was mortified when he forgot his speech.72u Why will no one marry the daughter or the niece of an atomic bomb victim?•Because people fear that the effect of the atomic radiation may be hereditary (may pass on from parents to children). People suffering from genetic damage may not be able to produce offspring or may give birth to deformed or otherwise unhealthy children.73p Why did the patient make a big ball of tiny birds?•According to Japanese tradition, if one makes one thousand little paper cranes, one’s wishes will be realized, hence the lucky birds.•The patient said: “Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. This way I look at them and congratulate myself on the good good fortune that my illness illness has brought me.”Lucky Birds74Ø Metaphor •earthly: worldly as opposed to spiritual; earthly is applied to that which belongs to the earth or to the present life and is chiefly contrasted with heavenly. •care: concern, worry, anxiety; used here figuratively which means “cause of sorrow, abyss of misery”.•One more day of suffering would mean a day nearer my death (would bring me closer to my death) .75Translation •那些是我的吉祥鸟。

那些是我的吉祥鸟每当我从每当我从死神死神那儿挣脱出那儿挣脱出来的那一天，来的那一天，每当病痛将我从每当病痛将我从尘世烦恼中解脱尘世烦恼中解脱出来的那一天，我都要叠一只新的小纸鸟，加出来的那一天，我都要叠一只新的小纸鸟，加到原有的纸鸟群里去我就这样看着这些纸鸟，到原有的纸鸟群里去我就这样看着这些纸鸟，庆幸病痛庆幸病痛给我自己带来的好运因为正是我的给我自己带来的好运因为正是我的病痛病痛使我有了使我有了怡养性情怡养性情的机会76l Why didn’t the writer ask the patients of the atomic ward the questions he had prepared in advance?•Because he thought it was unnecessary to do so since the answer were obvious after his talk with the patients. The expression of the people told the writer what the answer was.77What was the answer he read in every eye?•The answer was that Hiroshima was not the liveliest city in Japan, for the impact of the 1945 bomb attack is still felt or seen till now. What ‘s more, we can find some of the problems of Hiroshima from the short description such as the obvious conflict between western influences and the traditional customs, two different schools of thought in this city, too expensive land, the discrimination given to atomic victims, and many people still suffer from the radiation, etc.78What effect did the writer’s visit to Hiroshima have on him?•The author wants to gather information about this once destroyed city to fulfill his reportorial assignment. He had thought people living in Hiroshima could say something about the Second World War and the atomic bomb, and he could get some Japanese criticizing about American doings. But everything there turned out to be absolutely different from his expectations. He found that people’s life in Hiroshima is the same as the other cities: the busy crowd walking in the streets with no preoccupations as he did, kimonos mixed with miniskirts, traditional floating houses among high modern buildings, the mayor makes great efforts to earn world fame for their sea food. Survivors learnt to survive in other healthy people’s prejudice and discriminations. They believe that misfortune is the treasure.79Summary: Writing Technique •1. Contrast: description of the scenery and of his own emotion•Psychology: sorrowful and repentant.•Hiroshima symbolizes war crime, sin, death, terror, etc.•Scenery: lively, happy, vigorous, cheerful, etc.80Writing Technique•2. Humour: serious looking men, bob up and down, the cab driver, the usher, meeting the mayor in his socks, spinal column flexible, Hiroshima---oysters, small man with very large eye-glasses, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses, etc. 81Rhetoric•Irony:a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm. e.g.•Hiroshima---the “Liveliest” City in Japan•Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares•congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me82Rhetoric•Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects. •a town known throughout the world for its---oysters•The duties of a soldier are to protect a country and peel potatoes. 83Rhetoric•Alliteration: the repetition of an initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighbouring words.•slip to a stop•testing and treating•Rhetorical Question: a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis•Was I not at the scene of the crime?84•Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth. unpleasant•E.g. each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares. •He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.Rhetoric85•The boy is a bit slow for his age.•to go to heaven---dead•to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life. “visiting the necessary” for “going to the toilet”•“Remains” for a “corpse”•“Misinform” for “lie”Rhetoric8687•Metonymy:•...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt•I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact. Rhetoric88•Metonymy: a figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated. Rhetoric89•Metonymy can be derived from various sources: •a. Names of persons•Uncle Sam: the USA •b. Animals•the bear: the Soviet Union•the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)Rhetoric90•c. Parts of the body•heart: feelings and emotions•head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason•E.g. She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.•grey hair: old age ；；The grey-haired should be respected.Rhetoric91Rhetoric•d. Profession: •the press: newspapers, reporters etc.•He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.•the bar: the legal profession92•e. location of government, business etc.•Downing Street: the British Government•the White House: the US president and his government•the Capitol Hill: US Congress•Wall Street: US financial circles•Hollywood: American filmmaking industry Little old Japan: small traditional Japanese houses (syne...Rhetoric93l Exercise 1: The shades of the meaning of the words (P.35 Ex.B)•Was indicates a fact while must be means strong probability.•When you use “Was I not…?”, indicates you are quite sure you are at the scene. When you say “Was I at the scene…?”, implies that you are not sure whether you are quite sure or not.•Elderly means approaching old age, not very old.94The shades of the meaning of the words•To grin means to smile broadly, sometimes foolishly, without making any noise. •To laugh is to express amusement by inarticulate, explosive sounds. •To smile is the most general term; to make a facial expression but not accompanied by vocal sound which may show amusement, satisfaction, affection etc. 95l The shades of meaning of the words•To sketch is to draw an outline quickly.•Careful implies painstaking efforts, thoroughness, cautiousness in avoiding error etc. •Cautious suggests a careful holding back from action until all possibilities have been considered to avoid failure or danger.96l The shades of meaning of the words•Site is almost always restricted to an area of ground, small or large. It may be one that has been set aside for a particular use or activity; a building site; a factory site. A site may be a circumscribed locale (划界线的场所、现场划界线的场所、现场) where some event has occurred; site of the first atomic bombardment.97The shades of meaning of the words•A spot is a specific place, either indoors or outdoors, of limited extent: a beautiful spot in which to have a picnic.•Demolish has more of a physical sense, meaning tearing down while destroy only means putting an end to.98l The shades of meaning of the words•Gay suggests lightheartedness and unrestrained good spirits. Delightful means giving delight, very pleasing, charming.•Gaze is to look long and steadily, often with the indication of wonder, admiration, fascination etc. stare is to gaze intently, esp. with wide-open eyes, as in amazement, admiration or fear.99Discriminate between these synonyms•Puzzle implies such a baffling quality or such intricacy, as of a problem situation, etc. that one has great difficulty in understanding or solving it.•Confuse implies a mixing up mentally to a greater or lesser degree.•Perplex adds to puzzle the implications of worry and uncertainty, especially about reaching a decision on a course of action or the right solution of a personal problem.100Discriminate between these synonyms •Confound implies such confusion as completely frustrates or greatly astonishes one.•Bewilder implies such utter confusion that the mind is staggered beyond the ability to think clearly.•Dumbfound specifically implies as its effect a nonplused or confounded state in which one is momentarily struck speechless101Discriminate between these synonyms •Heinous implies such extreme wickedness as to arouse the strongest hatred and revulsion.•Outrageous applies to that which so exceeds all bounds of right, morality, decency, etc. as to be intolerable.•Horrible means causing a feeling of horror.•Evil is not often applied to persons and frequently has a more or less sinister or baleful connotation.•Wicked implies the actual violation of moral code code.102 Compare slide, slip, glide•Slide implies accelerated motion without loosing contact with the slippery surface.(强调始终保持接触强调始终保持接触一个光滑面而滑动一个光滑面而滑动)•Slip often suggests involuntary rather than voluntary, sometimes even definitely implying a loss of footing and a fall.（（强调那表面的光滑或无任何阻强调那表面的光滑或无任何阻碍，并指突然无意地滑动，失足）碍，并指突然无意地滑动，失足）•Glide, rather close to slide, means to move smoothly, quietly and continuously as is characteristic of dances.（（强调继续地、光滑地、平稳强调继续地、光滑地、平稳地、容易地移动，但不一定在表面上滑动）地、容易地移动，但不一定在表面上滑动）103 For examples •The boot slid down the bank into the river.•One of the climbers slipped on the rocks.•The swans glide gracefully on the lake.•The fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima station. (came to a stop smoothly and effortlessly, in a glide manner)104 More Examples of Slip•My feet slipped and I nearly fell. (fall by sliding, lose footing)•She slipped into the room when no one was looking.•As the years slipped by, I thought less about the incident.•He slipped into a pair of dirty old trousers and went to dig in the garden. •He has slipped badly since his last illness.•The post office slipped up and the letter was never sent. •He slipped the waiter some money to get a good table. •I’m sorry. I forgot his birthday; the date slipped my mind completely.105 Compare “seem, look, appear” •Seem suggests a personal opinion based on evidence that satisfies the judgment.(特别是指有某种迹象或预特别是指有某种迹象或预示作为获得某种结论或意见的基础示作为获得某种结论或意见的基础) •Look implies that the opinion is based on a visual impression.（特别是指依据视觉印象）（特别是指依据视觉印象）•Appear may convey the same implication as look, but sometimes suggests a distorted impression produced by an optical illusion , a restricted point of view etc. （特别是指从表面看或由观察者的方面看（特别是指从表面看或由观察者的方面看似乎是如何）似乎是如何）106 For examples •His efforts seem in vain. •He seems to be sick.•It looks fine.•He does appear pale, but to me he appear able to work. •The setting sun made the spires appear ablaze.107u Compare “swing, sway, rock, roll”•Swing 指一端吊起或两端均系起的东西的摆动（但非指一端吊起或两端均系起的东西的摆动（但非永远只有韵律的摆动）。

永远只有韵律的摆动）•Sway 指某种有弹力的东西被压弯后又复原位的摆动指某种有弹力的东西被压弯后又复原位的摆动•Rock 指一种轻轻的摆动，但亦常指某种东西被摇晃指一种轻轻的摆动，但亦常指某种东西被摇晃时的剧烈摆动时的剧烈摆动•Roll 指摇摆，颠簸，（天体）运行，（岁月）推移指摇摆，颠簸，（天体）运行，（岁月）推移108 For examples •The lantern hanging overhead in the wind.•The branches in the breeze.•The house in the storm.•The ship in the waves•The years on.•The moon about the earth. swungswayrockedrollsrollrolls109More words that mean “look” , but in different ways•Gape: to stare with open mouth, in surprise;•Goggle: to look with wide round bulging eyes;•Glare: to stare angrily or fiercely;•Glower: to look in an angry or threatening way; •Gawk: to stare impolitely or stupidly;•Ogle: to look (at a woman) with eyes that suggest sexual interest;•Peer: to look closely or carefully, or with difficulty;•Peep: to look secretly;110Comparison of “gaze & stare”111Vocabulary exercise1.The full effect of the news hit us several days later. 2.2. This country must not again go through the great suffering of the war. ( )3. The weakened government could not withstand another catastrophe. 4.The medicine prevented the spread of the disease. ( )5.The fiery speech upset the crowd. ( )6.The teacher answered with a brief nod of approval. ( )7.Murder is a most atrocious crime. ( )8. Walk softly on the stairs so as not to wake the baby. ( )9. The proceedings came to a stop toward noon.( )10.Let’s Let’s anchor at the next dock for the night. ( )(impact)agony(cataclysm)inhibitedagitatedassentheinoustreadhaltmoor112Homework•Write a passage about “My visit to……”113114。