解剖学总论和骨学关节总论躯干骨及连接课件.ppt

Human Anatomy,人体解剖学,天津医科大学解剖教研室 张崇智,Introduction 绪 论,Definition：The human anatomy is the science which deals with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of the structures of the normal human body.,Aims： To comprehend and grasp well the normal morphological structures of the systems and organs of the normal human body, spatial interrelations of them, and their regular spatial interrelations of the growth and development.,Aims：To comprehend and grasp well the normal morphological structures of the systems and organs of the normal human body, spatial interrelations of them, and their regular spatial interrelations of the growth and development.,Aims：To comprehend and grasp well the normal morphological structures of the systems and organs of the normal human body, spatial interrelations of them, and their regular spatial interrelations of the growth and development.,For medical students , human anatomy is the important basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculums. To grasp more anatomy words.,Atoms, molecules Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism(or human body),Levels of Structural Organization,systematic anatomymacroanatomy巨视解剖 regional anatomyhistologymicroanatomy cytology 微视解剖 embryologysurgical anatomy surface anatomyX-ray anatomysectional anatomylocomotive anatomy,,,,human anatomy,Division,Digestive system,,Systematic anatomy系统解剖学：按机能系统阐述人体器官的形态结构及其发生发展的科学.,Regional anatomy 局部解剖学：按人体结构的部位，由浅入深地研究各部结构的配布、位置关系及层次结构的科学。

Inguinal region,skin,Histology,Embryology,surface anatomy,surgical anatomy,X-ray anatomy,sectional anatomy,locomotor anatomy,(1) locomotor system (运动系统)(2) alimentary system (消化系统)(3) respiratory system (呼吸系统)(4) urinary system (泌尿系统)(5) genital system (生殖系统)(6) endocrine system (内分泌系统)(7) circulatory system(angiology)(脉管系统)(8) nervous system (神经系统)(9) sensory organs (感官),,Nine systems in the human body:,①Human body is in erect position; ②The face and toes directed forword; ③The heel and toes together; ④Upper limbs hanging by side of the body; ⑤The palms of the hand facing forward.,Anatomical position (解剖学姿势),superior 上, inferior 下 anterior 前, posterior 后,Terms of the direction (方位术语),proximal 近侧、distal 远侧 internal 内, external 外 superficial 浅, profound (deep) 深,medial 内侧, lateral 外侧ulnar 尺侧、radial 桡侧、tibial 胫侧、fibular 腓侧,Axis 轴：Vertical axis 垂直轴Sagital axis 矢状轴、Coronal axis 冠状轴,,Plane面:Sagital plane 矢状面Coronal plane 冠状面、Horizontal plane 水平面(transverse plane) 横切面,The axis and planes,The locomotor system 运动系统,Composition:The locomotor system consists of bone骨joints关节skeleton muscles 骨骼肌,,In movement, bones act as the levers, joints as the axis, and skeleton muscles as the motive force.,,(1) long bone 长骨(2) short bone 短骨(3) flat bone 扁骨(4) irregular bone不规则骨pneumatic bone 含气骨sesamoid bone 籽骨,ⅠClassification of the bone 骨的分类,Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学,(1) Long bone 长骨,medullary cavity 髓腔、nutrient foramen 滋养孔、,articular surface关节面、metaphysis 干骺端epiphysial cartilage 骺软骨- epiphysial line 骺线,Epiphysial line 骺线,,Periosteum 骨膜,,,2. The short bones distribute in wrist and foot.,3. The flat bones They distribute in skull and chest.,4. Irregular bonesthe irregular bones are greatly varied in shape, such as cranial bones and vertebrae.,Ⅱ The structure of bones,The living bones consist of bony substance 骨质, periosteum 骨膜 and bone marrow 骨髓.,,,Periosteum,Bony substance,Bonemarrow,,1. Bony substance (1) Compact bone骨密质: 坚实致密，配布于骨表面。

2) Spongy bone骨松质：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内 部，由骨小梁组成2.The periosteum骨膜It covers the surface of the bone. it consists of two layers: an outer and an inner membrane. The periosteum abounds with blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, the inner layer has a lot of the bone forming cells 成骨细胞.,Periosteum,3. The bone marrow骨髓bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in spongy bone. There are two kinds of bone marrow, red and yellow . Under 5 years old, there are all red marrow in the medullary cavity, but after 5 years old the red marrow can turn into yellow marrow.,Red marrow,Yellow marrow,Organic material有机质: 约占1/3，主要为胶原纤维+粘多糖，赋予骨韧性和弹性。

Inorganic material无机质：约占2/3，主要为磷酸钙51.25%、碳酸钙11.39%、氯化钙2%、磷酸镁1.16%、磷酸钠+氯化钠1.2%、骨胶原33%，赋予骨以硬度Ⅲ The chemical composition and physical properties of boneLiving bone consists of organic and inorganic materials.,The chemical composition and physical properties of bone,幼儿骨易变形,老年易骨折,The Arthrology 关节学,Concept: The bones are connected together by fibrous（纤维）, cartilaginous（软骨）or osseous（骨） at different parts of their surfaces. Classification：There are two major types of articulation or joint（关节）.Continuous joints 直接连结.Discontinuous joints 间接连结(synovial joints 滑膜关节).,Continuous joints直接连接: without any cavity between the bones. Fibrous joints 纤维连结:bones are united by fibrous connective tissue, eg. the crural (小腿) interosseous membrane. Cartilaginous joints 软骨连结: bones are united by cartilage，eg. Intervertebral dics（椎间盘）.,。