自动驾驶飞行指引系统ppt课件.ppt

1NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China Autopilot Flight Director SystemsAutopilot Flight Director Systems 自自自自动驾驶飞动驾驶飞行指引系行指引系行指引系行指引系统统Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)2NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China It is logical to integrate the two systems, the autopilot and the flight director, into a combined autopilot flight director system (AFDS) so that certain processing functions can be shared. In a modern system, it is normal for the AFDS to contain a separate FD computer that provides display instructions to the EFIS system, and the same instructions to the autopilot computer, which then converts the signals to appropriate commands for the servos.Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)Autopilot Flight Director Systems (AFDS)3NBAA 2003AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel4NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel Mode selectors of the Push ON/Push OFF type are located at various positions on the panel. Each selector has a bar light incorporated in the switch face, to indicate the selection. Armed and engaged selections are displayed on the ADI, with armed selections usually shown in white or amber, and engaged modes in green. Figure 3.95NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Flight Director F/D ON/OFF A flight director (F/D) switch is provided for each pilot. When OFF, FD command bars are withdrawn. When first selected ON, the command bars will be displayed, in the Take-Off mode (TO) if on the ground, or in current values of VS and HDG HOLD if airborne. In the TO mode, the command bars will show wings level and about 8°~10°ANU. Figure 3.96NBAA 20037NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Autopilot AP Engage Switches The autopilot is normally engaged in the Command (CMD) mode. Except during an ILS approach, only one autopilot can be engaged at a time; selection of another autopilot disconnects the first. Pushing the second autopilot CMD switch when in the approach mode engages the remaining autopilots at 1,500 ft radio altitude, and arms the autoland functions of runway alignment, flare, landing and rollout. Figure 3.98NBAA 20039NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel Disengage bar The DISENGAGE bar at the bottom of the panel must be UP to allow the autopilots to be engaged. By moving the DISENGAGE bar down, all three autopilots are disconnected from the flight control servos. Red (or Yellow) strip is exposed when bar is down.Figure 3.910NBAA 200311NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China When an engaged autopilot is disconnected, usually by pressing the disconnect button on the control column, a warning siren sounds, which can be cancelled by pressing the disconnect button a second time. A fault in an engaged autopilot may also cause a disconnect.AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelFigure 3.10Figure 3.1112NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China A/P DISC light indicates any autopilot is disengaged, either due to malfunction or pushing autopilot disconnect switch. AUTOPILOT light indicates fault in an engaged mode of any autopilot. The light goes off when condition is corrected or affected autopilot is disengaged.AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelFigure 3.10Figure 3.1113NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Navigation Modes LNAV The LNAV selector, when pushed, will arm the autopilot to capture and then track the lateral navigation track entered into the FMCS. LNAV mode is disengaged by selecting HDG HOLD or HDG SEL mode, or when localizer capture occurs. Figure 3.914NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Navigation Modes VNAV The FMC of an advanced aircraft is capable of providing vertical navigation by computing a climb or descent profile to satisfy various requirements, such as maximum rate, optimum profile, maximum speed, or waypoint altitude restrictions. When the FMC has been programmed, and VNAV is selected, the autopilot will follow the required profile, with the engaged autothrottle system controlling the programmed speed.Figure 3.915NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Navigation Modes VNAV VNAV mode can be terminated by any of the following.• selecting vertical speed or altitude hold• selecting speed or EPR• selecting FL CH• capturing glideslope• reaching altitude in MCP altitude indicator before reaching FMCS target altitude.Figure 3.916NBAA 200317NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Heading Control Heading Hold The heading hold switch commands the autopilot to maintain present heading. The ADI will show HDG HOLD in the roll mode display. Heading hold is basic roll mode for flight directors and autopilot if no other roll mode is engaged.Figure 3.918NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel HDG SEL The HDG SEL selector is a push button located within the bank limit select knob. The HDG SEL knob rotates to set the desired heading in the digital display, and also positions the heading cursor on the EHSI. Pressing the HDG SEL knob commands the autopilot to turn to and maintain the selected heading. With HDG SEL engaged, the aircraft can be steered by rotating the HDG SEL knob, to adjust the heading. The ADI will show HDG SEL in the roll mode display. Figure 3.919NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel HDG SEL HDG indicator indicates magnetic heading selected with heading select (SEL) knob if localizer has not been captured. It will indicate localizer course after localizer capture. Heading bugs on EHSIs are driven to heading in indicator. Figure 3.920NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel Bank Selection BANK LIMIT knob associated with the HDG SEL knob is an outer rotary selector which allows the pilot to limit bank angles available to the autopilot, to improve passenger comfort. An AUTO position allows the autopilot to decide the amount of bank necessary, and is the most appropriate selection. During instrument approaches, the autopilot will use up to 25° of bank.Figure 3.921NBAA 200322NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Altitude Control ALT Hold The ALT HOLD button commands the autopilot to hold present altitude. If climbing or descending when ALT HOLD is selected, the autopilot will effect a smooth transition and recapture the altitude at which the selection was made. The ADI will show ALT HOLD in the pitch mode display.Figure 3.923NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelALT SEL The altitude select knob is turned to set the desired altitude in the ALT SEL window. The aircraft must be ‘steered’ towards the desired altitude by using FL CH or a V/S mode. The ADI will show FL CH or V/S in the pitch mode display, until the altitude is captured, when the pitch mode will change to ALT CAP. ALT indicator indicates altitude selected with altitude knob. It will indicate 10,000 ft when power is first applied.Figure 3.924NBAA 200325NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Vertical Speed Control With Vertical Speed (V/S) selected, the autopilot will maintain the vertical speed set in the V/S window. The value shown in the window is adjusted by rotating the V/S wheel. If the A/T is engaged in SPD mode when V/S is selected, the A/T will maintain the selected IAS. The ADI will show V/S as the active pitch mode. V/S is also the quickest way to initiate climbs or descents. Figure 3.926NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Vertical Speed Control VERT SPD indicator indicates existing vertical speed when V/S switch is pushed to engage vertical speed mode. It will indicate vertical speed selected with vertical speed selector when mode is engaged. Range is -8,000 to +6,000 fpm in 100 fpm increments.Figure 3.927NBAA 200328NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Speed Control IAS/MACH Selected autothrottle speed or Mach is set in the IAS/MACH window. With the A/T SPD mode button selected, and the autothrottle engaged, the system will hold the commanded IAS/Mach. The display is switched from IAS to MACH or back again by alternate presses of the IAS/MACH SEL button to the lower left of the IAS/Mach window. Changes in the displayed digits is achieved by rotating the two concentric speed control knobs. Figure 3.929NBAA 200330NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Speed Control FL CH Selection of FLIGHT LEVEL CHANGE commands the autopilot to initiate a climb or descent towards the altitude set in the ALT SEL window. Figure 3.931NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• Speed Control FL CH The autothrottle will set climb power or flight idle as appropriate, with the autopilot controlling the airspeed in the pitch mode. As the selected altitude is approached, the autopilot mode will change to altitude capture (ALT CAP), and then to ALT HOLD as the autopilot levels the aircraft off, with the autothrottle maintaining the selected speed. The ADI will show FL CH as the active pitch mode, changing to ALT CAP and then ALT HOLD as the aircraft levels off at the selected altitude. Figure 3.932NBAA 200333NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• ILS Switching LOC (LLZ) Push-button selection of the localizer mode, will arm the autopilot to capture and maintain the tuned localizer track towards the runway. The ADI roll mode will show LOC armed, changing to LOC capture as the center line is approached. The missed approach heading can then be set in the HDG SEL window, without pressing the HDG SEL knob, in readiness for a possible missed approach.Figure 3.934NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• ILS Switching B CRS The back course mode allows the autopilot to fly a reverse track along a localizer, away from the runway. The appropriate localizer frequency must be tuned, and the aircraft must be steered to enable BCRS capture. Figure 3.935NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• ILS Switching APP In aircraft with autoland capability, multiple autopilots are engaged to provide sufficient redundancy. Normally one autopilot will be active, with the others armed to become active with the aircraft established on localizer and glideslope, usually as the aircraft passes 1,500 ft radio altitude. When intending to fly an ILS approach, selection of the APPROACH mode, arms the autopilot(s) to capture both localizer and glideslope.Figure 3.936NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China AFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control PanelAFDS Mode Control Panel• ILS Switching APP The ADI will show LOC armed and then active in the roll mode display, with GS armed and then active in the pitch mode display. ALT HOLD will be cancelled at GS capture, and the ALT SEL window can be set to the missed approach altitude.Figure 3.937NBAA 200338NBAA 2003 Civil Aviation Flight University of China The GO-AROUND mode of the autopilot(s), and the autothrottle, is armed at GS capture and activated by pressing Go-around switches on the throttles. Go-around ModeGo-around ModeGo-around ModeGo-around Switches〔Both Throttles 〕Autothrottle Disengage Switches〔Both Sides〕Figure 3.1239NBAA 2003Take-off/Go-around Switches。