英语四级写作指导.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,第一节：四六级作文试题分析,一、四六级作文试题分类,,四六级作文从试题角度可以分为现象解释型、对比选择型、问题解决型、观点论证型与应用文五种类型一）现象解释型,,此类作文在六级考试作文中最为常见命题主要要求考生对某一社会现象进行解释并加以评论，其基本结构是：首先说明现状；其次阐述这种现状产生或存在的原因；最后做出分析，提出建议或总结观点二）对比选择型,,此类作文同样是六级考试中常见的类型，它的标志十分明显作文题目要求较明确，富有针对性，即直接要求考试比较两种观点或做法，进而表明自己对问题或事务的态度或观点，也就是做出选择三）问题解决型,,此类作文要求考生从提示性文字或图表、图画入手，解释提示性文字、图表、图画反映出的问题，提出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后一段要求考生表明自己的态度、做法等四）观点论证型,,此类作文往往要求考生根据题目给出论点，按照提纲的结构要求对其下论证，然后表明自己的立场和看法通过摆事实、讲道理的方式剖析事物，论述事理，发表意见，确立或否认某一主张,,（五）应用文,,应用文中的信函，也是六级作文设计的试题之一。

在这类题型中，考生会读到一个特定的场景，试题要求考生按照这个场景给相关人士写一封短信，并在信中明确表达自己写信的原因、动机、目的和愿望等文章所设及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近书信的类型可能变化万千，如邀请信、申请信、感谢信、道歉信等，但是万变不离其宗，只要掌握了英语书信的格式，并应用恰当的句式和语句，就一定能够写出好的文章来二、解决方案,,1.建议考生分解作文观点，扩充内容2.建议考生在写作时只选择自己能够驾奴的句式和词语3.建议考生在文章中长短句搭配使用，用短句表达观点，长句推理分析4.建议考生选用作文模板，限定文章逻辑结构5.建议考生采用固定的句式，限定文章的字数第二节：写作技巧及作文结构安排,,一、写作技巧,,1、根据文章大意判断作文题型2、各种题型的写作方法现象解释型：,基本方法为：描述现象→分析原因→对现象作出预,,测或如何促进（限制）这种现象的进一步发展对比选择型：,基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度并表明这种观点,,或态度正确的理由；阐述第二种（相对或相反的）观点或态度并,,说明这种观点或态度正确的理由；表明个人支持或反对以上观点,,或态度，并说明原因问题解决型,：基本方法为：提出问题→分析问题→解决问题。

观点论证型：,基本方法为：分析主题→得出结论→举例论证→得,,出结论（证明观点的正确性）应用文基本方法为：,分析所给情景→选择写作方法3、三段式作文的结构安排,,题型,第一段,第二段,第三段,现象解释型,描述现象,说明现象产生的原因,表明个人态度或阐释个人做法,对比选择型,表明一方或双方的观点或理由,表明另一方的观点及理由，指出双方观点不足之处及理由,表明个人态度或阐释个人做法,,问题解决型,提出问题,分析问题，给出解决方案,表明个人态度或阐释个人做法,,观点论证型,提出论点,例证论点,得出结论或表明个人看法或做法,应用文,描述事实,阐述原因,表明观点或提出建议,,第三节：十二句作文法写作模板,1、现象解释型模板一,,Topic sentence,,①——has become a common part of people’s life.,,②And——has always aroused the greatest concern.,,③what impresses us most is ——.,,④The reasons——are varied.,,,信息提示,,1．空格内用概括性的词语填出最近出现的总体现象。

2.空格内填题目要去讨论的具体现象,,3.现象的具体表现,,4.过度句，填现象或现象带来的后果，为下文分析产生的原因做铺垫5. Among the various reasons,——plays an important role.,,6.That is to say,——,,7.What is more,——,,8.For example,——,5．原因之一6.具体说明原因一7原因二8 举例说明原因二,第二段,,9．When talking about——，——，,,10．On the one hand——,,11．On the other hand,——,,12．In brief,——,9.空格一填作者要讨论的现象，空格二填作者的看法10.支持看法的理由一或说明看法的第一个方面11.理由二或第二个方面12.总结第三段,,Reading regularly,has,long,become a common part of people’s life,.,And,reading preference has,always aroused the greatest concern,.,What impresses us most is,according to the table, the percentage of book circulation in an American university library, which shows that the circulation of popular fictions, general nonfictions, science/technology/education books and art/ literature/poetry books accounts for 65.9%,18.2%,10.8%and 5.1% respectively.,The reasons,for the phenomenon,are varied,.,,Among the various reasons,, the appealing content of the popular fictions,plays an important part,.,That is to say,, thanks to its appealing plot, popular fictions attract more people than other types of books do.,What is more,, science and art books which require readers’ knowledge on relevant fields are highly demanding.,For example,, it’s hard for students majoring in chemistry to understand Browning’s poems, and vice versa.,,When talking about,my reading preference, I think I prefer to science books.,On the one hand,, in order to deepen what I’m specializing in, I need read more books relevant to my major.,On the other hand,, these books can also broaden our horizons.,In brief,, college students should choose books according to their interests and needs.,,3、现象解释型模板二,第一段,,1. ——has been brought into focus.,,2.Nowdays,——.,,3.In addition, ——.,,4.Many reasons contribute to——,1．空格内填最近出现的总体现象。

2.空格内填现象的具体表现一3.现象的具体表现二4.过度句到分析原因第二段,,5. Generally speaking ,——.,,6.First of all,——,,7.More over,——,,8.Therefore ,——,5．承上启下开始列举原因,,6. 原因之一7 原因二8 对原因一二进行总结第三段,,9.As far as I am concerned,——，,,10.As we known ,——,,11.Furthermore,——,,12.In a word,——,9.空格内填作者对现象的看法10.支持看法的理由一11.理由二12.总结二、对比选择型作文模板,模板一,,第一段; 1.Different people have different views on——,,2. Some people prefer,——.,,3. Others tend to, ——.,,4.As to me, I agree with /to ——,1．开门见山直入主体，表明对某事人们的不同看法2．表明一部分人的看法3．另一部分的看法4．作者的看法第二段：,,5. Of course,——.,,6.For example,——,,7.But,——,,8.The following reasons can account for my preference——,5．承认自己不赞同的看法有一定的合理性。

6. 举例说明支持第五句7 转折指出这种观点的不足8 启下句过度到下段具体阐述自己所支持的观点的理由第三段：,,9.The main reason is ——.,,10.A good example to illustrate is ——,,11.Fur another,——,,12.From the foregoing,——,9.支持观点的理由一10.举例说明理由一11.理由二12.总结全文，从长远看来Is a test of spoken necessary?,,,A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET).,Different people have different views on,it.,Some prefer,to have such a test.,Others tend to,decline any kind of test of spoken English.,As to me, I agree with,the first statement.,,Of course,, a test of spoken English is very difficult to handle and the test time is not long enough to fully display participants’ ability to spoken in English.,For example,, if a candidate draws a topic which he of she is not familiar with, it’s hard to show his or her command of spoken English.,But,without such a test, some people may not have motivation to practise spoken English.,The following reasons can account for my preference,.,,The main reason,is that such a test enhances college students’ awareness of the importance of spoken English.,A good example to illustrate,,is,that several years ago, college students only stressed reading and writing skills, ignoring to building up listening and speaking ability.,For another,,a certificate of such a test will make job-hunting easier.,From the foregoing,, I think a test of spoken English is of necessity.,,模板二,,第一段：,,1.There is no complete agreement among people as to ——,,2. Some people consider,——.,,3. However, others think, ——.,1．开门见山直入主体，表明对某事人们的不同看法。

2．表明一部分人的看法3．另一部分的看法第二段：,,4.Some people may say ——,,5. They hold this opinion because——.,,6. However, others believe,——,,7.They argue that,——,4．观点一的理由5．深入阐述观点一的理由6. 观点二的理由7 深入阐述观点二的理由第三段：,,8.Personally,I am in favor of the——,,9. Firstly, ——. 10.Secondly,——,,11.Most important of all ——,,12.Taking above-mentioned factors into consideration, we/I may reasonably conclude that ——,,8 我的看法9.个人看法依据一10. 个人看法依据二11. 个人看法依据三12.总结全文模板三,,第一段：,,1. When asked about ——,different people will offer different opinions.,,2. Some people take it for granted that——.,,3. In their opinion, ——.,,4. Besides ——,1．开门见山直入主体，表明对某事人们的不同看法。

2．提出观点一3．观点一的理由一4．观点一的理由二,,第二段：,,5. However, others hold——.,,6.They maintain——,,7.And——,5．提出观点二6. 观点二的理由一7观点二的理由二,,第三段：,,8.Weighing up these arguments, I am for——,,9. For one thing——. 10.For anther,——,,11.For instance,——,,12.Therefore, as stated above——,,8 我的观点9.个人观点理由一10. 个人观点理由二11. 举例说明12.综上所述再次强调自己的观点Is a test of spoken necessary?,,A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET).,When talking about,it,,different people will offer different opinions,.,Some people take it for granted,that college students should take a test of spoken English.,In their opinion,, it is good chance for them to test their spoken English.,Besides,, it also make them know the importance of the spoken English.,,However, others hold,that a test of spoken English is unnecessary in the university and colleges.,They maintain,that college students’ practice of spoken English is not for testing but for daily use.,And,they think it is hard to manage such a subjective test.,,Weighing up these two arguments, I am for,the first point of view.,For one thing,, spoken English is very important. For another, a test of spoken English can guide and supervise students to make conversation practice.,For instance,, when choosing books and other materials, students can pick them according to the bands of the test they want to take.,Therefore, as stated above,, the first point of view can hold water.,,三、问题解决型模板,模板一,,第一段：,,1. With the development/improvement of ——,——.,,2. It is necessary that——.,,3. On the one hand, ——.,,4. On the other hand, ——,1．空格一处铺垫，空格二处填写某一问题。

2．关注解决现象引出的问题很必要3．解决问题很必要的理由一4．解决问题很必要的理由二,,5. Therefore, how to —— is worth paying attention.,,6.Firstly——7.Secondly——,,8.For example,——,,9. Thirdly, ——.,,10.In other words,——,5．承上启下，填要解决的问题6. 解决办法一7 解决办法二8. 举例解释解决办法二9. 解决办法三10. 阐明解决办法三第三段：,,11.In fact, ways to —— are countless.,,12.It’s time that ——,,11. 指出解决问题的办法多种多样12. 强调解决问题时不可待Reduce Waste on Campus,,With the improvement of,living standard, waste on campus is increasingly serious.,It is necessary that,something should be done to reduce waste on campus.,On the one hand,, our waste has already caused a great loss of precious resources, such as water and electricity.,On the other hand,, our waste adds our parents as well as our society a burden.,,Therefore, how to,eliminate waste on campus is worth paying attention.,Firstly,, we should turn off the light when we leave our dorms or classrooms so as to save electricity as much as possible.,Secondly,,we should stop wasting water when we bath, or wash clothes and dishes.,For example,,we should use a basin when we clean faces.,Thirdly,, we should be economical.,In other words,, when go shopping, we should buy only what we really need.,,In fact, the ways to,reduce waste on campus,are countless,.,It’s time that,we cultivate the habit of thrift in every possible way.,,模板二,,第一段：,,1. There has been a discussion recently about——.,,2. It is obvious that——.,,3. Additionally, ——.,,4. So it is high time, ——,1．提出现存的问题。

2．解决问题很必要的理由一,,3．解决问题很必要的理由二4．承上启下，说明解决问题的必要性第二段：,,5. First of all, ——,,6.The reason is——7.Secondly——,,8.That is to say,——,,9. Thirdly, ——.,5．解决办法一,,6．解决办法一的理由.7．解决办法二8. 阐明解决办法二9. 解决办法三第三段：,,10.In fact, more than three ways can be adopted,——,,11.As for me, ——,,12.All in all, ——,10. 指出解决问题的办法多种多样11. 小结解决问题的根本途径12. 总结全文Reduce Waste on Campus,,There has been a discussion recently about,waste on campus.,It is obvious that,a great loss of precious resources, such as water and electricity have been caused by waste.,Additionally,, our waste adds our parents and society a burden.,So it is high time that,we took actions to reduce the waste on campus.,,First of all,, we should stop wasting water when we bath, or clean faces, or wash clothes and dishes.,The reason,is that there is a great shortage of water in the word.,Secondly,, we should be economical.,That is to say,, when go shopping, we should buy only what we really need.,Thirdly,, we should turn off the light when we leave dorms or classrooms so as to save electricity as much as possible.,,In fact, more than three ways can be adopted,.,As for me,, the cultivation of good habit of thrift is most important for all of us.,All in all,,every college student should join in the efforts to combat the waste on campus.,,模板三,,第一段：,,1. I t is certain that——.,,2. For one reason,——.,,3. For another, ——.,,4. However, some still puzzle on how to ——.,1．提出问题及解决的必要性。

2．解决问题很必要的理由一,,3．解决问题很必要的理由二4．转折到如何解决问题第二段：,,5. Here come some suggestions.,,6.To begin with,——7.Secondly——,,8.For instance,——,,9. Thirdly, ——.,,10.That is because——,,5．呈上指出解决问题的方法很多6．解决办法一.7．解决办法二8. 阐明解决办法二9. 解决办法三10. 其理由11.The solution vary according to different situations.,,12.Therefore, ——,11.解决问题的办法随具体情况不同而变化根本途径12. 总结全文，要灵活地依据具体情况处理问题第三节：观点论证型,模板一,,第一段：,,1. It is true that——.,,2. However,——.,,3.I think——.,,4.—— can be listed as follow.,1．提出普遍存在地观点2．谈不同地观点3．自己地观点，即文章地论点,,4．过度句，转折到观点地论证，由题目选择具体的词。

第二段：,,5. First of all, ——,,6. Secondly ——7.For example——,,8.Thirdly,——,,9. A case in point is ——.,5．论证理由一,,6．论证理由二7．举例具体说明理由二8. 论证理由三9. 举例说明理由三第三段：,,10.It goes without saying that——,,11.There is no doubt that ——,,12.In conclusion ——,10. 提出执行该观点时应注意的事项11. 得出结论12. 总结全文It Pays to Be Honest,,It is true that,most of us value honesty highly.,However,,nowadays we often confront confidence crisis such as cheating, overcharging, fake commodities, etc.,I think,that we should be honest because being honest is not only the whole society. The reasons,can be listed as follows,.,,Firstly,, only honest people can be truly respected by the others and can make more friends over a long period of time.,Secondly,, honesty, which is the traditional virtue of the Chinese people, can make our life easier and more harmonious.,For example,, consumers will not be afraid of being overcharged if dealers are honest, and on the contrary dealers can win more customers.,Thirdly,, honesty can make our society.,A case in point is,that Singapore which is a society of trustworthiness and integrity has a comparatively low criminal rate.,,It goes without saying that,being honesty is of benefit to both the same and the individual.,There is no doubt that,we should foster the spirit of honesty.,In conclusion,, laying stress on honesty will become the public morals in our society.,,模板二,,第一段：,,1. Some people believe that——.,,2. The truth is deep and profound.,,3. As we know,——.,,4. In addition,——.,1．直接提出本文的观点。

2．进一步强度观点的正确性3．论证理由一,,4．论证理由二,,第二段：,,5. There are numerous examples ——,,6. A case in point is——,,7.There is close to suggest——,,8.For another example——,,9.Moreover,——.,5．承上启下6．举例一具体论证7．总结例一8. 举例二具体论证9. 举例三具体论证第三段：,,10.All mentioned above tell us——,,11.But one thing we have to notice is that ——,,12.In a word, ——,10. 总结上下，重申论点11. 指出该论点应注意什么12. 总结全文It Pays to Be Honest,,Some people believe that,many dishonesties, such as cheating, overcharging, fake commodities, etc. ruin our normal life, and they maintain that being honest is not only beneficial to others but also to oneself.,The truth is deep and profound,.,As we know,,if one is honest, other people will deeply respect him or her, and are willing to make friends with him or her. In addition, being honest can make people’s life easier and more harmonious.,,There are numerous examples,supporting the argument.,A case in point is,that Singapore which is a society of trustworthiness and integrity has a comparatively low criminal rate.,This is close to suggest,that honesty can make our society more stable, and all people can live a peaceful life there.,For another example,,buyers usually like to make a deal with the dealers they trust.,Moreover,, the dealer, such as Tongrentang Herbal Medicine Shop which runs business honestly is more likely survive the fierce market competition.,,All mentioned above tell us,that it is high time that we took action to fight against dishonesty.,But one thing we have to notice is that,sometimes we need white lies to comfort the patients who have suffered serious illness.,In short,,we should let the dishonesty have no place to stay in our society.,,五、应用文作文模板,建议信,模板：,,Date,,Dear——,,1. I am delighted to learn that——.,,2. It——.,,3. In my opinion,——.,,4. On the one hand,——.,,5. On the other hand, ——,,1．写信的原因。

2．引出作者的建议3．表达建议内容4．提出建议的理由一5．建议的理由二第二段,,6. As to the——, I suggest——.,,7.If ——,,8.It is unnecessary for you to——,,9. In addition,——.,,10.I am sure——,6．具体到某一方面的建议内容7．供被建议人选择的条件8．建议内容的另一方面9．其它的建议10．对建议内容的评价第三段：,,11.Please inform me ——,,12.I am looking forward to ——,,Sincerely yours,,,Signature:,11. 对建议内容所做出的承诺12. 表达个人的愿望A Letter to a Schoolmate,,June 7th, 2001,,Dear Wang,,,I am delighted to learn that,you will visit me for a week during this national days.,It,has been several years,since,we departed last time, and I am looking forward to your visit.,In my opinion,, Nanjing is your best choice for this holiday.,On the one hand,,there are many places of interest and historical sites in Najing.,On the other hand,,Nanjing is a cultural center with various artistic and musical performances.,,As to,the famous sites,,I suggest,that you should visit the Confucius Temple and Dr. Sun Yetsens Mausoleum.,If,you are interested in parks, the XXX park will be your best choice.,It is not necessary for you to,bring anything except your sweaters since it is a little chill in the evening.,In addition,,as there will be many people at the railway station, you should not leave your belongings unattended!,I am sure,you will enjoy your visit in Nanjing.,,Please inform me,once you have made your decision.,I am looking forward to,seeing you soon.,,Sincerely Yours,,,Zhang Ying.,,A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper,,June 19, 2004,,Dear Editor,,,My name is,Liu.,I am,a senior from Beijing Normal University and I bought an Long man Dictionary of Contemporary English in a bookstore nearby our campus yesterday.,I venture to write you a letter about,the service that I “enjoyed” at the bookstore in order to appeal to the service industries to improve their service.,,The focus of the complaint is,the quality of the dictionary and the bad attitude of the salesgirl.,For one thing,, there are two pages in poor print in the dictionary, which I found later because the plastic cover can’t be opened before the money is paid.,For another,,the salesgirl was very impolite, saying that they wouldn’t replace it unless I bought another one since I had opened the pack.,Honestly speaking,,many service industries are trying their best to satisfy the customers. But there are still some others apart from this bookstore, such as supermarkets, restaurants and so on, which don’t regard customers as Gods.,Besides,,many of them give priority to making profit regardless of faithfulness.,,All in all, there is still much room for improvement,.,I do hope,your paper will do something to call on the service industries to provide full catering service.,Thank you for your time and kind consideration.,,Best wishes,,Sincerely yours,,Liu.,,批评抱怨信,模板：,,Date,,Dear——,,1. My name is——.,,2. I am——.,,3. I venture to write you a letter about——.,1．写信人的姓名。

2．写信人的身份3．表达抱怨的内容第二段：,,4. The focus of the complaint is——.,,5. For one thing, —— 6. For another,——,,7. Honestly speaking,—— 8.But——,,9. Besides,——.,4．提出抱怨内容的核心点5．抱怨内容的一方面6．抱怨内容的另一方面7．客观的评论8．抱怨产生的原因一9．抱怨产生的原因二10. All in all, there is still much room for improvement.,,11.I do hope——,,12.Thank you for your time and kind consideration.,,Sincerely yours,,,Signature,10．总结说明所抱怨现象或事物还有很大改进空间11. 表达本人的愿望12. 信件结尾的常用语A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus,,,Jan. 6th, 2002,,Dear Mr. President,,,My name is Li Ming. I am a junior student of the civil engineering school in this university. I,I venture to write you a letter about the canteen service,on campus, which has given rise to many complaints among students.,,The focus of the complaint,is the poor quality of the food.,For one thing,, the rice is very hard, the steamed breads are usually sold cold and vegetables are often overcooked.,For another,, the prices of the foods are surprisingly high.,Honestly speaking,,the dining environment has been improved since last year.,But,there are still not enough space and seats for us to have our meals there.,Besides,, the attitude of the canteen staffs is not hospitable at all.,,All in all, there is still much room for improvement.,,I do hope,we will not suffer another year.,Thank you for your time and kind consideration.,,Sincerely yours：,,Li,,求职申请,信模板,,Date,,Dear——,,1. I am applying for the position of ——advertised in—.,,2. I major in ——.,,3. My training in ——definitely meet your qualifications.,,4. My complete resume is attached——.,1．申请何职位。

2．介绍自己特长而引起注意3．强调自己符合要求，加强印象4．告知随信附上信息简历第二段：,,5. I will graduate on ——from—,,6. In addition to the required courses of this program, I have——.,,7. I also have some experience in ——,,8. I believe that my training and experience——.,,9. You will find me to be——.,,10. I hope that you will consider me for your position.,5．详细介绍教育背景一6．详细介绍教育背景二7．介绍相关经历8．表明自信心9．加强对方对自己的自信11.May I have a personal interview at your convenience?,,12.I can be reach by telephone between——and——.,,Sincerely yours,,,Signature:,10．希望被考虑,,11. 争取面谈机会。

12. 告知联系方式应用文常用句型,,1.申请信,,1）I am writing to apply for the post of…..advertised in…..(申请刊登在…上的….工作),,2）In reply to your advertisement in…, I beg to apply for the post of…in your company.,,3) Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for…, I left it was just the 。