高中英语考点精析精练：推理判断(阅读理解).doc

高命题点3 推理判断本类考题解答锦囊 每篇文章都有一定的写作目的，作者往往期待读者读了文章后知道应当怎样去做某些事情或按某种方式思考问题这层意思通常并不是在文章申明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中这就要求读者在阅读过程中去沟通外现的和内含的，已述的和未述的含义这就需要仔细的阅读和认真的思考，在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，去掌握语言的微妙之处，真正欣赏和理解阅读的东西；阅读中的推论是很常见的，我们所读的一切几乎都可以做出程度不同的推论 凡推断出的内容在文章中都没有明确叙述，但却暗含在文字之中因此在进行推断时，必须以有关的文字部分作为推理的前提和依据所谓推断，指根据推测而加以判断；而推测总是根据已知的信息推断出未知的信息即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分据以推理的有关文字部分可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句，甚至全文，要想做出精确的推断，必须注意以下四点 1．细心地了解文章中所提供的全部信息和信息的各个方面 2．分析已知的信息，用正确的观点，借助于一些常识，最大限度地捕捉到信息的本质 3．注意词、句子的本义和与之有关的其他意义 4．根据己知信息，即短文或有关的文字部分，做出的推断必须与作者的原意相符，切忌以自己的观点取代作者的原意。

推理判断往往包括数据事实推断，常识推断，逻辑结论以及推断作者的写作目的、态度、倾；向等几种类型 1．数据事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节是比较简单的推断首先在原文中找到据以推理的有关文字部分，对与数字有关的推断，只需简单推算，即可得出结果对与事实有关的，要加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思 例题： House prices in England increased sharply between 1971 and 1972. The following records how much a house in Chelsea London, had risen in price since 1955: Take No. 29 Smith Terrace for example. In 1955,Jane Grey sold for ￡2,000. Mrs Bowena Black bought it for ￡4,900 and sold it nine years later to Bill and Dreen White for ￡22,950. Now four years later. 1)The price of the house was as high in 1972 as in the yearJane Grey sold it. A. about ten times B. twice C. 150 percent D. fifteen times 2)Mrs Bowena Black made a prof it (利润)of______. A. ￡2,900 B. ￡8,典型例题 ￡7,典型例题 D. ￡18,典型例题Of all the tenants,who earned most? A. The Whites. B. Jane Grey. C. Mrs Black. D. Mr White. 4)When did Mrs Black buy the house? A. 1971. B. 1972 C. 1968. D. 1959 5)Jane Grey lived at No. 29 Smith Terrace A. for four years B. for nine years C. between 1971 and 1972 D. before 19556)If MrS B1aCk had waited four years to setl the house She would have earned as much as_______. A．￡28，000 B．￡18，000 C．￡30，000 D．￡25，100 以上各题的推理前提均可在原文中找到。

第1题的正确答案须从“In 1955，JaneGrey s典型例题￡2，000，”“…inl972，the house is valued at￡30，000；”这两句话推知，D项对第2题的正确答案应从“Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900and sold it nine years later to Billand Dreen White for￡22，9500'得知D项对第3题的正确答案应从“…Jane Grey sold for￡2，000． Mrs Bowena Black bought it for￡4，900 and so1d it nine years later to Bill andDreenWhitefOr￡22，950．”推知，MrsBlack获利最多第4题须从“Mrs Bosena Black…and sold it nine years…NOW four years later，inl972…．”得知Mrs Black是在1959年买的房子，故D项为正确答案第5题可从“Inl955，Jane Grey so1d it for￡2，000．”推知D项正确。

第6题须从“Mrs Bowena Black．．．￡4，900”“．．．the house is valued at￡30，000”两句话推知D项为正确答案 2．常识推断：有些时候，文章里并没有提供任何可据以推断的材料，或虽有提供，但却不足以推出正确的未知事实这时便须根据平常积累的有关知识来进行推断 例: Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quicky, for example by dipping it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle(脆)--that is, it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing can also be used on other mate rials, such as glass. Why do people put hot metal in water? A. To make it hard. B. To make it soft. C. To make it cool. B. To make it brittl 从文中“by dipping it in water，it will be very hard but also very brittle.”这一信息还不足以推出正确答案。

然后根据物理常识，在制造各种工具时，往往采取淬火这一工艺，其目的是使金属变硬以便制成锋利的工具即可推出选项A为正确答案 3．逻辑结论：这类推断比前两种困难得多在阅读过程中，读者必须对文章的全部事实或细节作通盘考虑，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论结论是根据事实作出的惟一决定要想从一个句子，一个段落或一篇文章中得出正确的结论，读者必须学会善于思考，不断提高自己的逻辑思维能力 例 Have you ever heard of a sport called tubing? Hundreds of people float down a rushing river at once in old truck-tire tubes. Sometimes many hold hands. At first the ride is bumpy and frightful, for the narrow river rushes swiftly. Then the river widens and grows calm. Never try tubing alone or in rapids, however. The story suggests that tubing________. A. should not be done in moving water B. is done mainly by truck drivers C. costs a lot of money D. can be dangerous 根据文中内容数百人乘坐着旧卡车，轮胎在湍急的河水中向下游漂去，颠簸而可怕，可推知这项运动是十分危险的。

D项为正确答案4．推断作者的写作目的、态度，文章的语气等：这类推断要求对论述对象持何种态度、思想倾向作出判断如作者对所陈述的观点是赞成，还是反对，对记叙或描写的人或事等是喜欢，或是厌恶；是同情或是冷漠作者的这种态度和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间，或者流露于修饰的词语之中因此要做好这类推断须综观全文，掌握主题思想，并以此为推理的前提，还要注意文章的措辞，把握文章论述的基调 例: Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK, they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airplanes. Even if he does miss them? it is always'the fault of the buses or the airplanes. Mr Neff knows almost everythin。