四级考试语法部分总结.doc

四级考试语法部分总结大纲对语法内容的要求：Ø 名词：可数及不可数名词；抽象、专有、物质名词的数；’s属格的各种意义;某些以-s结尾的名词的数;集体名词的数.Ø 限定词: 限定词与三类名词的搭配关系;限定词与限定词的搭配关系;冠词的类指\特指和独指;冠词的习惯用法;some,any和no的用法.Ø 代词:不定代词one, some, anyone等的用法;物主代词,非人称代词的用法;反身代词及其他动词宾语的用法.Ø 动词的时和体:一般现在时,现在将来时,现在完成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成进行时,将来时,过去将来时等的各种表达法和用法;情态助动词的各种用法;虚拟式,被动态的用法;不定式和不定式分句,-ing分词和分句,-ed分词和分句的用法.Ø 定语从句,名词性从句(包括宾语、主语、表语、同位语从句等)；状语从句（包括时间、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步等状语从句）Ø 直接引语，间接引语，并列结构，从属结构（包括独立结构，无动词分句，非限定分句和限定分句的转换）；形容词和副词的比较级、最高级；介词与介词词组；附加疑问句；主谓一致；后置、前置与倒装；省略近年来专四语法试题的考点基本有：² 从属分句² 非限定动词² 虚拟语气² 情态动词² 限定词² 句子成分² 倒装² 动词时态² 附加成分² 强调句型1． 虚拟语气² 一般情况下, 在描述与过去事实相反的非真实条件句中,条件从句的谓语动词通常用had+过去分词, 主句的谓语动词用should/would+have+过去分词. ² 在叙述与将来事实相反的情况时, 条件状语从句谓语动词一般结构为:一般过去式, were/was+不定式,或should+动词原形.主句的谓语动词一般用would/should+动词原形.（1）wish型虚拟语气Ø 过去式（be用were） 与现在事实相反Ø would/could/might/should+动词原形或者were+动词-ing 与将来事实相反Ø had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词 与过去事实相反（2）省略型Ø 省略if后，从句的助动词提前（were, should，had）, 主句谓语形态与一般情况下的虚拟主句一致.Ø if only型，省略主句, 从句谓语形态与普通型虚拟语气相同.（3）坚决要（should）+ be型Ø 动词有：ask, advise, arrange, beg, command, consent, deserve, expect, urge, vote, decide, demand, desire, determine, insist, intend, maintain, move, propose, object, order, prefer, require, request, resolve, recommend, suggestØ 形容词或分词有：better, keen, adamant, necessary, natural, strange, advisable, decided, crucial, appropriate, determined, commanded, arranged, incredible, essential, imperative, important, desirable, insistent, desired, asked, recommended, insisted, necessary, obligatory, suggested, urgent, ordered, vital, possible, proposed, requested, required, preferable, probable, Ø 名词有：advice, decision, demand, desire, insistence, motion, necessity, order, preference, plan, idea, proposal, pray, recommendation, request, requirement, resolution, suggestion(4) as if（though）和lest, in case, for fear that型Ø as if（though）主句现在时，从句过去时主句过去时，从句过去完成时Ø lest，in case, for fear that虚拟语气的谓语动词形式为may/might/can/could/should+动词原形，不能选would+动词原形（5）特殊型Ø It is time型从句谓语用过去时，be为单数时多用was.Ø Would（had） rather，would（just）as soon, would sooner从句用过去时Ø without，but for, were it not for从句和普通型相同Ø 表示假设情况的让步状语从句中的倒装省略结构Be it good or badBe he rich or poor2. 不定式Ø had better, had best, would rather, would just as soon, can not but, can not help but, do nothing but, let alone后面动词不定式不带to.Ø see, feel, smell, hear, watch后面不带to Ø except, but, save之后, 如果前面有do 的形式, 不定式不带to, 反之要带to.Ø rather than, sooner than置于句首时, 后面的不定式不带to.3．动名词Ø 跟动名词的动词有：admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, risk, suggest, postpone, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, endure etc.Ø 跟动名词的短语有：be objected to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, contribute to, in addition to, devote to, be opposed to, attach importance to, set one’s mind to, admit to, consent to, similar to, close to, with a view to, put off, be busy, can’t help, can’t bear (stand), feel like, have difficulty/trouble(in), spend…(in), etc.Ø 跟动名词的句式有：It’s no (little) good, It’s no (little) use, It’s useless, There is no point (sense, use), What’s the point (use), It’s worth, There’s no telling (denying, mistaking)Ø 动名词复合结构：² 逻辑主语是表示有生命的名词，用所有格（加’s）² 逻辑主语是代词时，可以用物主代词或代词宾格。

4．既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词, 但意义有所不同的动词Ø regret, forget, rememberØ stop, quitØ tryØ want, need, hear, deserve （动名词主动形式表被动）Ø require （只有动名词主动形式表被动）worth同样，have…to blame用不定式的主动形式表被动Ø like, hate, love, prefer Ø begin, start, cease，continue （有意识地开始或停止做某事多用动名词，否则多用不定式）Ø 最后两组词用在should, would之后，后面只能跟不定式Ø 不定式和动名词做主语的区别为不定式一般表示一次性、具体性和目的性，而动名词表示习惯性、一般性和过去性5．分词现在分词有主动和被动，有一般时和完成时，而过去分词本身便含有被动和完成之意，所以没有形式上的变化6．独立主格结构Ø 分词逻辑主语+分词Ø There/Such + being + 主语Ø With/without + 分词逻辑主语 + 分词7．形容词和分词1. He is as good a swimmer as any of us.2. “Can he buy the car?”“He is as poor as can be.3. Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.4. She is all the happier for her beauty.5. Even with make-up, she looks none the better.注：all/so much/none等副词+the+比较级，表示“因而更加…”之意时，后面不再跟than。

6．In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.7. I like watching TV more than going to the cinema.8. She prefer to die rather than admit she is wrong.9. I think Ann is more shy than unfriendly.注：superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior等词表示比较时，直接加to，不使用more…than结构8．形容词和副词(1) This is too good a chance to be lost.(2) The boy wore a suit much too large for him.(3) I am afraid the garden Tom bought may be far too expensive.Ø 形容词按以下顺序排列：限定词（冠词、代词、数词）+描绘性形容词+表示年龄、大小、尺寸等的形容词+表示颜色的形容词+国别+表示性质的形容词（名词、动名词）+被修饰的名词the two attractive large square green Spanish wood boxesØ 副词的排列顺序为：程度副词+频度副词+地点副词+时间副词9．倒装(1) There stands a stone bridge across the river. There+stand/lie/exist/remain/appear/seem/come(2) Away went his hat.(3) From the valley came a terrible sound.(4) So much does he worry。