Uni Writing 6.ppt

Writing Writing BasicsBasicsLesson 6Compound Sentences•Compound sentences are made up of two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction . These conjunctions are also known as FANBOYS:•F - ForA - AndN - NorB - ButO - OrY - YetS - So .Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunctions are used for different purposes in sentences. •A comma is always placed before the conjunction. •Here are the main uses of the FANBOYS:Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunction: and•Use: Addition or Next Action•Examples:•addition -> Tom enjoys playing tennis, and he likes cooking.•next action -> We drove home, and we went to bed.Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunctions: but / yet•Use: Opposition / Unexpected Results•Examples:•Opposition -> We wanted to visit our friends, but we didn't have enough money to get a flight.•Unexpected result -> Janet did very well on her job interview, yet she didn't get the position.Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunctions: so / for•Use: Cause / Effect•Examples:•cause -> Mary needed some new clothing, so she went shopping.•effect -> They stayed home for the holiday, for they had to work.Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunction: or•Use: Choice between two•Examples:•We thought we might go to see a film, or we might have dinner out.•Angela said she might buy him a watch, or she might give him a gift certificate.Conjunction Use in Compound SentencesConjunction Use in Compound Sentences•Conjunction: nor•Use: Not one nor the other•Examples:•We won't be able to visit our friends, nor will they be able to visit us this summer.•Sharon isn't going to the conference, nor is she going to present there.•NOTE: Notice how when using 'nor' the sentence structure is inverted. In other words, after 'nor' place the helping verb before the subject.FANBOYS Quiz1. Peter drove to visit his friend. They went out for 1. Peter drove to visit his friend. They went out for dinner.dinner.2. Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to 2. Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to get qualifications for a new profession.get qualifications for a new profession.3. Alan invested a lot of money in the business. The 3. Alan invested a lot of money in the business. The business went bankrupt.business went bankrupt.4. Doug didn't understand the homework 4. Doug didn't understand the homework assignment. He asked the teacher for help.assignment. He asked the teacher for help.5. The students didn't prepare for the test. They 5. The students didn't prepare for the test. They didn't realize how important the test was.didn't realize how important the test was.6. Susan thinks she should stay home and relax. She 6. Susan thinks she should stay home and relax. She also thinks she should go on vacation.also thinks she should go on vacation.7. The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to 7. The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient.operate on the patient.FANBOYS Quiz8. We went out on the town. We came home late.8. We went out on the town. We came home late.9. Jack flew to London to visit his Uncle. He also 9. Jack flew to London to visit his Uncle. He also wanted to visit the National Museum.wanted to visit the National Museum.10. It is sunny. It is very cold.10. It is sunny. It is very cold.11. Henry studied very hard for the test. He passed 11. Henry studied very hard for the test. He passed with high marks.with high marks.12. I would like to play tennis today. If I don't play 12. I would like to play tennis today. If I don't play tennis, I would like to play golf.tennis, I would like to play golf.13. We needed some food for the week. We went to 13. We needed some food for the week. We went to the supermarket.the supermarket.14. Tom asked his teacher for help. He also asked 14. Tom asked his teacher for help. He also asked his parents for help.his parents for help.15. Janet doesn't like sushi. She doesn't like any 15. Janet doesn't like sushi. She doesn't like any kind of fish.kind of fish.Answers•Peter drove to visit his friend, and they went out for dinner.•Mary thinks she should go to school, for she wants to get qualifications for a new profession.•Alan invested a lot of money in the business, but/yet the business went bankrupt.•Doug didn't understand the homework assignment, so he asked the teacher for help.•The students didn't prepare for the test, nor did they realize how important the test was.•Susan thinks she should stay home and relax, or she should go on vacation.•The doctors looked at the x-rays, so they decided to operate on the patient.Answers•We went out on the town, We went out on the town, andand we came home we came home late.late.•Jack flew to London to visit his Uncle, Jack flew to London to visit his Uncle, andand to visit to visit the National Museum.the National Museum.•It is sunny, It is sunny, butbut it is very cold. it is very cold.•Henry studied very hard for the test, Henry studied very hard for the test, soso he passed he passed with high marks.with high marks.•I would like to play tennis today, I would like to play tennis today, oror I would like I would like to play golf.to play golf.•We needed some food for the week, We needed some food for the week, soso we went we went to the supermarket.to the supermarket.•Tom asked his teacher for help, Tom asked his teacher for help, andand he asked his he asked his parents.parents.•Janet doesn't like sushi, Janet doesn't like sushi, nornor does she like any does she like any kind of fish.kind of fish.Complex Sentences•Complex sentences are made up of two clauses - an independent clause and and a dependent clause. Independent clauses are similar to simple sentences. They can function as a sentence. Dependent clauses, however, need to be used together with an independent clause to make sense. Here are some examples:•Independent Clauses•We didn't pass the test.•Angela won the competition.•The doctor will go ahead with the operation.•Dependent Clauses•Although we had studied for a long time•Because she had practiced for weeks•If he gets positive test resultsComplex Sentences•Here are the two clauses combined to Here are the two clauses combined to make complex sentences:make complex sentences:•Although we had studied for a long time, Although we had studied for a long time, we didn't pass the test.we didn't pass the test.•Angela won the competition because she Angela won the competition because she had practiced for weeks. had practiced for weeks. •The doctor will go ahead with the The doctor will go ahead with the operation if he gets positive test results.operation if he gets positive test results.•Complex sentences are written by using Complex sentences are written by using subordinating conjunctionssubordinating conjunctions to connect the to connect the two clauses. These subordinating two clauses. These subordinating conjunctions fall into different categories.conjunctions fall into different categories. Complex Sentences•When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction, place a comma at the end of the clause. There is no need for a comma if the subordinating conjunction introduces the dependent clause in the middle of the sentence.•Here are the most common subordinating conjunctions based on their function.Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions: Conjunctions: although / even though / thoughalthough / even though / thoughUse: Use: Showing Opposition or Unexpected ResultsShowing Opposition or Unexpected ResultsExamples:Examples:Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.Sharon started looking for a new job even though Sharon started looking for a new job even though she was currently employed.she was currently employed.Though I couldn't understand a word, we had aThough I couldn't understand a word, we had agreat time!great time!Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions: Conjunctions: because / since / asbecause / since / asUse: Use: Showing Cause and EffectShowing Cause and EffectExamples:Examples:Since you need some help, I'll come over thisSince you need some help, I'll come over thisafternoon.afternoon.Henry felt he needed to take some time off because Henry felt he needed to take some time off because he had been working so hard.he had been working so hard.The parents paid for extra lessons as the children The parents paid for extra lessons as the children were very gifted.were very gifted.Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions: Conjunctions: when / as soon as / before / after / bywhen / as soon as / before / after / byUse: Use: Expressing TimeExpressing Time Examples:Examples:By the time you get this letter, I will have left for New By the time you get this letter, I will have left for New York.York.I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived.We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived.As soon as you’re feeling better, we’ll go out for lunch.As soon as you’re feeling better, we’ll go out for lunch.Before I go, remind me to take my keys.Before I go, remind me to take my keys.Subordinating ConjunctionsConjunctions: Conjunctions: if / unless / in the case thatif / unless / in the case thatUse: Use: Expressing ConditionsExpressing ConditionsExamples:Examples:If I were you, I would take my time with that project.If I were you, I would take my time with that project.They won't come next week unless you ask them to doThey won't come next week unless you ask them to doso.so.In the case that he isn't available, we'll look for another In the case that he isn't available, we'll look for another consultant.consultant.Subordinate Quiz1. Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.1. Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.2. It was raining outside. We went for a walk.2. It was raining outside. We went for a walk.3. Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.3. Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.4. Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very 4. Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very young.young.5. Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for 5. Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for job interviews.job interviews.6. Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just wants 6. Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just wants to know what his wife thinks.to know what his wife thinks.7. Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.7. Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.8. I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too 8. I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud.loud.9. Alexander has been working sixty hours a week. 9. Alexander has been working sixty hours a week. There is an important presentation next week.There is an important presentation next week.Subordinate Quiz10. I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. 10. I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I leave for work at eight a.m.I leave for work at eight a.m.11. The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn't have 11. The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn't have much money. He bought the car.much money. He bought the car.12. Dean sometimes goes to the cinema. He enjoys 12. Dean sometimes goes to the cinema. He enjoys going with his friend Doug. Doug visits once a going with his friend Doug. Doug visits once a month.month.13. I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the 13. I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet. It allows me to watch what I want when I internet. It allows me to watch what I want when I want.want.14. Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rain. I 14. Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rain. I put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain.have rain.Answers1. As Henry needs to learn English, I will teach him.1. As Henry needs to learn English, I will teach him.2. We went for a walk even though it was raining.2. We went for a walk even though it was raining.3. If Jenny asks me, I will buy it for her.3. If Jenny asks me, I will buy it for her.4. Yvonne played golf extremely well when she was 4. Yvonne played golf extremely well when she was young.young.5. Because Franklin wants to get a new job, he is 5. Because Franklin wants to get a new job, he is preparing for job interviews.preparing for job interviews.6. Unless his wife doesn't like the house, Marvin will buy 6. Unless his wife doesn't like the house, Marvin will buy it.it.7. After Cindy and David had eaten breakfast, they left 7. After Cindy and David had eaten breakfast, they left for work.for work.8. I really enjoyed the concert although the music was 8. I really enjoyed the concert although the music was too loud.too loud.Answers9. As Alexander has an important presentation next 9. As Alexander has an important presentation next week, he has been working sixty hours a week.week, he has been working sixty hours a week.10. I usually work out at the gym before I leave for work 10. I usually work out at the gym before I leave for work at eight.at eight.11. Though Bob didn't have much money, he bought the 11. Though Bob didn't have much money, he bought the extremely expensive car.extremely expensive car.12. If Doug visits, they go to the cinema.12. If Doug visits, they go to the cinema.13.Since it allows me to watch what I want when I 13.Since it allows me to watch what I want when I want, I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the want, I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet.internet.14. If it rains a lot, I put the chairs on the patio in the 14. If it rains a lot, I put the chairs on the patio in the garagegaragePractice Exercise 1Combine the following simple sentences to create a compound Combine the following simple sentences to create a compound sentence. sentence. 1.1.It rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood It rained for three days. The streets in my neighborhood flooded.flooded.2.2.I got to football practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.I got to football practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.3.3.Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.4.4.Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten pounds.Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten pounds.5.5.I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.6.6.Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.7.7.My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.8.8.I like apples. I like pears more.I like apples. I like pears more.9.9.Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded. Three Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded. Three people got off.people got off.10.10.Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them in a Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them in a special album for her family.special album for her family.Answers•1.1.It rained for three days, so the streets in my neighborhood It rained for three days, so the streets in my neighborhood flooded.flooded.•2.2.I got to ball practice late, for I forgot to set my alarm.I got to ball practice late, for I forgot to set my alarm.•3.3.Kyle completed his homework, and he put it in his binder.Kyle completed his homework, and he put it in his binder.•4.4.Luke mowed the lawn, and he earned ten dollars.Luke mowed the lawn, and he earned ten dollars.•5.5.I stayed up late last night, so I am tired today.I stayed up late last night, so I am tired today.•6.6.Neil doesn't like seafood, nor does he like cabbage.Neil doesn't like seafood, nor does he like cabbage.•7.7.My pencil was broken, so I borrowed one from Jake.My pencil was broken, so I borrowed one from Jake.•8.8.I like apples, but I like pears more.I like apples, but I like pears more.•9.9.Eight people got into the elevator, but it was crowded, so Eight people got into the elevator, but it was crowded, so three people got off.three people got off.•10.10.Georgia gathered the pictures, so she could arrange Georgia gathered the pictures, so she could arrange them in a special album for her family.them in a special album for her family.Practice Exercise 2• •Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences and Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences and determine whether they are complex or compound-complex.determine whether they are complex or compound-complex.•11. Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of homework to do.•12. If you hurry, we might get to school on time.•13. Although Monica had a cold, she went to school because she had a test.•14. While washing the car, Todd slipped on the soap and he fell.•15. Dad takes the train to work even though he has a car.•16. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player and we watched a great movie.•17. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up the stairs, and he checked out the strange noise.•18. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.•19. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-checked it so she wouldn't forget anything.•20. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot. Answers11.Jason decided to stay up late11.Jason decided to stay up late because he had a lot of homework to because he had a lot of homework to dodo. (complex). (complex)12.12.If you hurryIf you hurry, , we might get to school on timewe might get to school on time. (complex). (complex)13.13.Although Monica had a coldAlthough Monica had a cold, , she went to schoolshe went to school because she had a because she had a testtest. (complex). (complex)14.14.While washing the carWhile washing the car, , Todd slipped on the soap and he fellTodd slipped on the soap and he fell. . (compound-complex)(compound-complex)15.Dad takes the train to work15.Dad takes the train to work even though he has a careven though he has a car. (complex). (complex)16.16.After Mom arrivedAfter Mom arrived, , she put the disk in the DVD player and we she put the disk in the DVD player and we watched a great movie.watched a great movie. (compound-complex) (compound-complex)17.17.Even though his heart pounded with dreadEven though his heart pounded with dread, , Ben bolted up the stairsBen bolted up the stairs, , and and he checked out the strange noisehe checked out the strange noise. (compound-complex). (compound-complex)18.Molly baked brownies18.Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to dosince she had nothing else to do. (complex). (complex)19.Karen made a list of what was needed19.Karen made a list of what was needed, and , and she double-checked she double-checked it it so she wouldn't forget anythingso she wouldn't forget anything. (compound-complex). (compound-complex)20.Frank had a good sense of humor20.Frank had a good sense of humor, , so he laughed a lotso he laughed a lot. (complex). (complex)Writing Task 1•Work on your own, or with a partner.•Make at least 10 sentences using any of the conjunctions we have seen todayWriting Task 2•Work on your own.•Write a short paragraph about your favourite hobby.•Include: •What the hobby is / when did you begin / how did you begin / why you like it•Try to use different sentence structures. 。