因果关系cause-and-effect.ppt

Unit 1 Ways of Developing Paragraph (Development by Cause and Effect),In our daily conversation, questions with why are often asked and answered. This shows that causal analysis is very common; it is something we are familiar with. Causal analysis explains the cause-effect relationship between two or more subjects. Causes tell readers why something happened. For example, smoking causes lung cancer. (Smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer.)Effects are the results of something. For example, twelve thousand smokers die from lung cancer every year. (Lung cancer is one of the effects of smoking.),Definition,Sound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. But it is not always easy to explain causes and effects clearly and logically. One reason for this is that an effect may have many causes and a cause may have many effects. So we must be thorough in our discussion and careful in our selection of details.,Characteristics,Advice about how to use cause-effect to develop a paragraph 1.Before we start to write, we must think carefully and work out a list of causes and effects, and find out the logical relationship between them. Logical thinking is particularly important in writing paragraphs of cause and effect. 2. When we write, we had better put the important cause or effect at the beginning of the paragraph. 3. Use some words or phrases that used for discussing cause and effect when it is necessary.,Procedure,Steps for writing a cause and effect essay: 1)Distinguish between cause and effect 2)Develop your thesis statement 3)Find and organize supporting details(statistics ,examples, etc) • Chronological(按年代顺序） A chronological organization means arranging the discussion by following the time sequence in which actual events happened. This organization is effective for topics which involve narrating how something happened through a period of time.,Guidelines,• Order of importance In an analysis which involves multiple causes and effects, you can either arrange the factors from the least important ones to the most important ones, or from the most important to the least important ones. The former organization would build to a climax, while the latter organization would present the strongest factor first to impress the reader. • Categorical（按类别顺序） You can also group the various factors into different categories (political, social, financial, personal, psychological, etc)and arrange them accordingly. 4)Using appropriate transitions,Guidelines,,,,• 主题句“因”，“因果”型语段 •主题句“果”，“果因”型语段 •主题句“果”，发展句分析“因”，再次归纳论点，“果-因-果”型语段 “因-果-因-果”型语段,Types of causes and effects,Suppose the topic sentence is: “More and more fertile land in China is taken up by new buildings.” In the rest of the paragraph the effects of this development should be mentioned, such as the reduction of the grain output ,increasing environmental problems, too many peasants moving into the cities, etc. (single cause-multiple effects),,Sample 1,Suppose the topic sentence is: “ In the past few years , higher education has become less important to young peoplethan it was previously.” This is an effect. It should be followed by a discussion of the cause of this effect, such as the pressure of fierce competition, better opportunities and colleges being out-dated, and so forth.(single effect-multiple causes),,Sample 2,The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It offers students more leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completely after five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many courses and assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting ways such as going camping and having a potluck party.(effect-causes-effect),,Sample 3,Although blacks had “freedom” in a legal sense, most of them still did not have any education or economic independence. Consequently, they were helpless to participate significantly in the political process to try to improve their status. Except for farm work, most former slaves had no skills. As a result, many blacks went back to work for the same white people who used to be their masters.(causal chain),,Sample 4,Because , since, for, as , because of, due to, owing to, as a result of ,result from, on account of ,on the ground of ,thanks to ,on the ground that, for the sake of, attribute…to… Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, result in, lead to, contribute to, be responsible for, so that……,,Useful Words and Expressions,Two major factors contributed to devastating summer flooding along the Yangtze River and its tributaries. First, erosion resulting from excessive deforestation in the upper reaches of the river and, second, heavy silting which raised the riverbed in the main channel. 两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水。

第一，过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀，第二，严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床Useful Sentence Patterns,The explanation for the phenomenon of the ri。