
气管插管术实用课件.ppt
35页气 管 插 管 术(实用课件)Contents 定定 义义 及及 概概 述述1适应症及禁忌症适应症及禁忌症2 操操 作作3 并并 发发 症症42定定 义义Definition Definition 气管插管术是一种将一特制的气管内导管经声门置入气管的技术,这一气管插管术是一种将一特制的气管内导管经声门置入气管的技术,这一技术能为气道通畅、通气供氧、呼吸道吸引和防止误吸提供技术能为气道通畅、通气供氧、呼吸道吸引和防止误吸提供 最佳条件最佳条件 The insertion of a tube into the trachea to allow air to enter the lungs. 3呼吸道解剖呼吸道解剖AnatomyAnatomy 气管插管的途径是气管插管的途径是 通过鼻腔或口腔,通过鼻腔或口腔, 经过咽喉、声门、经过咽喉、声门、 把插管插到气管把插管插到气管 或总支气管内或总支气管内45适适 应应 症症IndicationsIndications•心跳、呼吸骤停心跳、呼吸骤停。
Cardiac or respiratory arrest•丧失气道保护功能者丧失气道保护功能者 Failure to protect the airway•严重呼吸衰竭不能满足机体通气和氧供需要需机械通气者严重呼吸衰竭不能满足机体通气和氧供需要需机械通气者 Inadequate oxygenation or ventilation6适适 应应 症症IndicationsIndications•即将发生或已发生的气道阻塞即将发生或已发生的气道阻塞 Impending or existing airway obstruction•多系统疾病或损伤的护理需要多系统疾病或损伤的护理需要 Care of critically ill patients with multi-system disease or injuries.•外科手术麻醉需要外科手术麻醉需要 Control of the airway in surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia.7禁忌症禁忌症ContraindicationsContraindications无绝对禁忌症,以下所列为相对禁忌症。
无绝对禁忌症,以下所列为相对禁忌症•由于外部原因所致上气道梗阻Obstruction of the upper airway due to foreign objects •颈椎骨折Cervical fractures •食道疾病Esophageal disease •进食腐蚀性物质Ingestion of caustic substances •下颚骨折Mandibular fractures •喉头水肿Laryngeal edema •烫伤或化学药剂灼伤Thermal or chemical burns 8插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation•1.气管导管气管导管导管的选择导管的选择Size of endotracheal tube按导管的内径计算按导管的内径计算internal diameter (ID)男性男性Male: ID 8.0 mms 女性女性Female : ID 7.5 mms 9插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation 儿童的导管选择儿童的导管选择Size of endotracheal tube 0-3月(月(New born - 3 months )): ID 3.0 mm 3-9月月 ((3-9months)) : ID 3.5 mm 9-18月(月( 9-18 months )): ID 4.0 mms 2- 6岁(岁(2-6years)): ID= (Age/3) + 3.5 > 6岁岁 (( > 6 years)): ID = (Age/4) + 4.510插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation•插插 管管 深深 度度Depth of endotracheal tube 成人成人Adult 男性男性Male = 23 cms 女性女性Female = 21 cmsF儿童儿童Children 经口气管插管经口气管插管= (Age/2) + 12 (cm)经鼻气管插管经鼻气管插管= (Age/2) + 15 (cm)11插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation•2.喉喉 镜镜Laryngoscope 气管插管使用的为直气管插管使用的为直接喉镜。
直接喉镜分接喉镜直接喉镜分直镜直镜(miller)和弯镜和弯镜((macintosh)两两种12插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation•操作前务必检查喉镜是否明亮操作前务必检查喉镜是否明亮13插管前准备插管前准备Equipment preparationEquipment preparation•其其 他他 Other equipments导丝导丝Stylet 手套手套Gloves吸痰器吸痰器Suction Device 5ML注射器注射器 syringe固定器固定器Endotracheal tube holder14操作步骤操作步骤PROCEDURAL STEPSPROCEDURAL STEPS 1.仰卧,头垫高仰卧,头垫高10cm10cm,置入导管芯,置入导管芯, ,将病人头部尽量向后伸仰,使三轴线完全重叠,让插管径将病人头部尽量向后伸仰,使三轴线完全重叠,让插管径路接近为一直线路接近为一直线 Position bed height to bring the patient's head to a mid-abdominal height.Flex the cervical spine and extend the head at the atlanto-occipital joint.Long axis of the oral cavity, pharynx, and trachea lie almost in a straight line.1516 2.左手持喉镜沿左手持喉镜沿右口角右口角置入口腔,左推舌体,使喉镜移至正中位。
置入口腔,左推舌体,使喉镜移至正中位Introduce the blade into the right side of the patient's mouth, move the blade posteriorly and toward the midline, sweeping the tongue to the left and keeping it away from the visual path with the flange of the blade3 3.喉镜片抵达舌根与会厌交界处,上提喉镜,撬起会厌.喉镜片抵达舌根与会厌交界处,上提喉镜,撬起会厌, ,显露声门显露声门advance the laryngoscope until the epiglottis is in view.17操作步骤操作步骤PROCEDURAL STEPSPROCEDURAL STEPS 4.4.右右手手以以握握笔笔式式手手势势持持气气管管导导管管,,插插过过声声门门, ,进进入入气气管管lift the laryngoscope upward and forward.Insert the endotracheal tube from the right with its concave curve facing downward and to the right side of the patient.Maneuver the endotracheal tube into the larynx, midway between the cricoid cartilage and the sternal angle 18操作步骤操作步骤PROCEDURAL STEPSPROCEDURAL STEPS 5.5.放放牙牙垫垫,,退退喉喉镜镜. .确确定定位位置置后后,,妥妥善善固固定定导导管管与与牙牙垫垫..注注套套囊囊空空气气(3-5m1).(3-5m1).inflate the cuff and apply positive pressure ventilation while the assistant auscultates.Secure the endotracheal tube in position。
19并发症并发症ComplicationsComplications •声音嘶哑及咽痛Postintubation hoarseness and sore throat•呕吐Vomiting•Aspiration•局限性肺炎Pneumonitis•肺炎Pneumonia•心动过缓Bradycardia20并发症并发症ComplicationsComplications•喉痉挛Laryngospasm•支气管痉挛Bronchospasm•呼吸暂停Apnea•牙齿、嘴唇、声带的损伤Trauma to teeth,lips and vocal cords.•颈椎损伤加重Exacerbation of cervical spine injuries.21气管内插管术((ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION)ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION)目的:⒈麻醉期间维持病人呼吸道通畅 ,防止异物进入, 便于吸痰和积血⒉便于进行人工和机械通气,用于呼衰、复苏、中毒、新生儿窒息⒊便于吸入全身麻醉药气管内插管的器械与方法:22 Laryngoscopes23 Tracheal tubes24 Anatomy of throat25 Anatomy of bronchus26 The maneuover of lifting mandible27 Vocal gate exposure by curved laryngoscope28 Vocal gate exposure by straight laryngoscope29 Blind intubation through nasal cavity30经鼻盲插管图31气管内插管的并发症(Complications)⒈齿、舌、咽喉部等损伤。
⒉心血管反射⒊呼吸道梗阻⒋误入一侧支气管或导管脱出5.长时间充气压迫,局部粘膜和纤毛缺血,粘膜脱落纤毛活动停止3~5天,局部溃疡,软骨软化,坏死32确认•1.压胸有气流• 2.人工通气:双侧胸廓对称,听双肺肺泡呼吸音•3.吸气管壁清亮: 呼气时有白雾 •4.自主呼吸时,呼吸囊随呼吸张缩•5.ETCO2 :最科学33全身麻醉的并发症及其处理(1)㈠返流与误吸(Regurgitation and Aspiration)原因:诱导时气道梗阻,饱胃、上消化道出血、肠梗阻表现:急性呼吸道梗阻、吸入性肺炎、肺不张 处理:预防为主,原则为⑴减少胃内容物和提高胃液PH 值; ⑵降低胃压;⑶保护气道;(4)麻醉方法) ㈡呼吸道梗阻(Airway Obstruction⒈上呼吸道梗阻(upper airway obstruction)原因:舌后坠、分泌物或异物阻塞、喉痉挛、喉水肿表现:不全梗阻:呼吸困难,鼾声 完全梗阻:三凹征 34感感谢您的您的阅览【此课件下载后可自行编辑修改关注我 每天分享干货】。
