六级语法时态+语态(一)12948.pdf

更多资料 学英语 找长喜 1 六级基础语法 16 种时态+2 种语态扫描 作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态英语是通过动词本身的词形变化或加助动词表示不同的时态在英语中，共有十六种时态，其中最为常用的有五种，即一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在完成时 Those eventful months and years are still vivid in my memory. 忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠 Hes showing a foreign guest round the city.他在带一位外宾游览市区 It was a pity you didnt go to the talk.很遗憾你没有去听报告 Whenever he has time, he will come and see us.他一有功夫就来看我们 提示：时间状语从句，主句用将来时，从句往往用一般时 This country has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history. 这个国家历史上一直遭受严重水灾之苦。

英语时态简表 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 现在 Play plays Is/am/are playing Has/have played Has/have been playing 过去 played Was/were playing had played had been playing 将来 Shall/will play Shall/will be playing Shall/will have played Shall/will have been playing 过去将来 Should/would play Should/would be playing Should/would have played Should/would have been playing 一、一般现在时 一般现在时在英语中主要用来： 表示经常性动作及现在状态…常和 often, sometimes, usually, always, never, seldom, normally, generally, occasionally, now and then, every weekend, on Mondays, twice a year 等状语连用。

He seldom sits up late into the night.他很少熬夜 I always take a walk in the evening.我常在晚间散步 表示普遍真理、事实，也用在谚语、格言中… The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转真理) Water boils at 100℃ .水的沸点是 100 摄氏度事实) Spring follows winter.冬天过后就是春天谚语) 表示预先安排好将要发生的动作…常用于 begin, close, depart, finish, go, leave, open, start, stop 等动词 The plane leaves in an hour.飞机一小时之后起飞 School begins in early September. 学校于九月初开学 代替将来时，用于时间和条件状语从句…  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 2 Call me as soon as you get there.你一到那儿就给我打。

She will help you if you ask her.如果你要求，她会帮助你 提示：as soon as 用于时间状语从句，译为“一…就…” I cant do it unless my mother agrees. 除非我妈妈同意，否则我是不会那样做的 表示已发生的动作，用于 hear, learn, say, tell 等动词后…而这些动词的宾语从句所表示的内容为现在的事实或是将要发生的事情 They say Miss White will teach us English.他们说怀特小姐将教我们英语 Tony tells me the Hardens are moving from No. 12. 托尼告诉我哈登一家将从 12 号搬走 表过去发生的动作或存在的状态…这种表过去的一般现在时可以和 why, how, where, what等疑问词连用，但不可与 when 连用 What wind blows you here? 是什么风把你吹来的？ Why do you come so late? 你为什么这么晚才来？ 二、现在进行时 现在进行时在英语中主要用来表示： 表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事… The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?壶水开了，沏点茶好吗？ She is learning Chinese at college.她目前正在大学里学汉语。

She is generally going to bed at 11.她一般都是 11 点上床睡觉 Is the sun shining? 出太阳了吗？提示：本句隐含了表“现在”的词常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有：now，right now 现在，at present 目前，at the moment 此刻 表示即将进行或结束的动作… She is dying.她奄奄一息了 He is meeting the manager tomorrow.他明天要和经理见面 与 always，forever，constantly 等词连用强调重复动作… Jim is always coming late for the class.吉姆上课总是迟到 He is perpetually interfering in my affairs.他老是干预我的事 表示重复多次或习惯性动作… The boy is hitting the dog.男孩一个劲地打那条狗 The bird is jumping up and down in the cage鸟儿在笼子里跳上跳下 现在进行时表过去… What are you talking about? 你这是说些什么呀？ Why are you hitting me? 你为什么打我？ 有时这种现在进行时还可以与表过去的副词 recently, already 等连用。

He’s playing much better recently. 他的球艺近来大大提高了 Are you leaving already? 你已准备走吗？ 现在进行时与状语连用…现在进行时除与 now, at present 等时间状语连用外，还常与 only, merely, really, rapidly, finally, constantly, always, for ever, all the time 等词语连用 I am only joking. 我只是开个玩笑 John is always coming late.约翰老是迟到 Life is changing all the time.生活在不断变化 Trade between the two countries is finally beginning to take off.两国之间终于开始了贸易往来 三、一般过去时  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 3 英语中，一般过去时主要用来表示： 过去发生的动作或情况… On July 26, he visited reinforcement projects and talked with people. 他于七月二十六日参加了加固工程并同人们进行了交谈。

过去的习惯动作，常和 never, often, usually 等状语连用… Arafat never smoked before. 阿拉法特以前从不吸烟 He often went to school on foot when he was a student.当他还是个学生时，总是步行去学校提示：注意副词 never，often，usually 等词作状语时要放在谓语动词之前 在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时… I missed that exciting game, because Mother said I couldnt watch before my homework was finished.我错过了那场刺激的比赛，因为妈妈说我在作业完成之前是不可以看比赛的 提示：before(在…之前)引导时间状语从句，句中谓语动词用一般过去时形式表示过去将来时，本句中 finish 要使用被动语态表示“作业被完成” Father promised to buy me a bike if he got a raise. 爸爸许诺如果他得到了加薪就会给我买一辆自行车。

句中 if 引导条件状语从句，句中谓语动词用一般过去时形式表过去将来，因此应使用 get 的过去式 got 构成一般过去时态) 表过去的过去…表“过去的过去”时，如果不是强调先后、因果等关系，常可用过去一般时且多用于从句中 I saw what he wrote.我看见他写的是什么了 The boy said he was sorry for what he said.那男孩说他对他说的话感到懊悔 Did you find the pen you lost? 你的钢笔找到了吗？ 四、过去进行时 英语中，过去进行时主要用来表示： 表示过去某一时刻或阶段发生的动作… We were expecting you yesterday.我们昨天一直在等你 We were talking about your book this morning. The book is excellent. 我们今天上午一直谈论着你的书，那本书好极了 表示按计划安排过去将要发生的动作… He knew that the plane was taking off in ten minutes. 他知道十分钟后飞机就要起飞了。

过去进行时与 soon 等时间状语连用…过去进行时可与 soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later 等时间状语连用，表示在过去一个新的动作刚刚开始 Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这件事了 Ten minutes later he was standing at the window, smoking.十分钟后，他已站在窗前，抽着烟五、现在完成时 现在完成时有两种用法：“完成用法”和“未完成用法” 现在完成时的“完成用法”…是指动作在过去某一时刻已结束， 但该动作对现在产生了影响现在完成时表示已经结束的动作时，还可与 just, recently, already, still, at last, finally, almost等副词连用 Have your group finished the project yet? 你们组已经完成那个项目了吗？ 提示：finish 为非延续性动词，即终止性动词，表动作发生后立即结束 现在完成时的“未完成用法”…指动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续延续下去。

此用法中常需一个表一段时间的状语(由 since 或 for 引导)，或需要一个表示与现在时刻相连的状语如 so far, up to now 等，而且所涉及的动词只能是延续性动词，而不能 更多资料 学英语 找长喜 4 是终止性动词 I have been in the army for more than 5 years. 我已经在部队里待了 5 年了 现在完成时与介词短语连用…现在完成时除可和介词 for(说明动作延续的时间长度)与since（说明动作起始时间）引导的介词短语连用外，还可和 before, after, during, from, in 等介词引导的介词短语连用 He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time.他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕 After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged.六年之后，史密斯变得判若两人了 I have read quite a bit in the past few days.近日我读了不少书。

六、现在完成进行时 英语中的现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性 The patient has been complaining of a pain in his stomach since noon. 这个病人中午以来一直在喊肚子疼 提示：since noon(自从中午以来)是现在完成时态中常见的时间状语，表示 complain(抱怨)这一动作还有持续下去的趋势 七、过去完成时 过去完成时主要表示相对于过去某一个时间或动作之前已完成或发生的动作或状态 过去完成时是一个相对的时态…因此常和 after, before, by, until 等引导的时间状语连用 We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. 老人来到门前时，我们刚刚吃完早饭 由上下文暗示的过去完成时…英语动词的过去完成时在没有时间状语的情况下，常由上下文暗示出作为参照的过去时间 I was hungry. I had eaten nothing all day. 我很饿，一整天都没吃东西了句中 was hungry暗示了作为参照的过去时间，所以应用过去完成时。

) 过去完成时用于某些动词后表特殊含义…当动词的过去完成时用于 expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want 等动词时，表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图 We had hoped that we would be able to leave tomorrow, but its beginning to look difficult. 我原本希望明天能够离开，但是这开始变得困难了 过去完成时用于间接引语… He told me that he had seen the film the day before.他跟我说他前一天看过那个电影了 He said he had seen the film yesterday.他说他昨天看过那个电影了 过去完成时与 when 等从句连用…注意过去完成时与含有过去一般时的 when, than, before等从句连用时， 有时从句是全句的重点 Scarcely had we left the house when it began to rain.我们刚离开家就开始下雨了。

No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.我们刚离开家就开始下雨了 They had been married many years before a child was born to them.他们结婚后许多年才生了一个孩子 八、过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻前已发生并一直延续到这一过去时刻的动作 过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态，上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间 “What happened?” “We had been wai ting for an hour when the bus finally came.” “怎么了?”“我们一直等了一个小时，公共汽车才来” 提示：came 起明示作用，可知主句应使用过去完成进行时态，wait 表延续意义 The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers had been  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 5 demonstrating for. 当约翰宣读他的追随者们提出的要求时，学校的董事会在静静地听着。

九、一般将来时 一般将来时主要用来表示将要发生的动作或未来的倾向 Turn on the television or open a magazine and you will often see advertisements showing happy, balanced families. 如果打开电视或翻开杂志，你常会看到展示幸福详和的家庭的广告 将来时间有时可以用一般现在时来表示… (1)在 I hope, I bet 等后面的 that 从句中可用一般现在时表示将来 I hope the train isnt late. 我希望火车不会晚点 (2)在表示“要注意使…”、“务必使…”、“保证使…”等中的表达在 see (to it), make sure, make certain, take care, take notice, take the responsibility, look out, watch out 等结构后面的 that 分句中常用一般现在时表示将来时 Will you see to it that Miss Smith gets all the help she needs? 你能保证使史密斯小姐得到她所需的全部帮助吗? (3)在时间或条件状语从句中一般将来时用一般现在时表示，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

She will come to call on you the moment she has finished her work. 她一写完作业就来找你 Please give me a call as soon as you arrive there. 一到那里就给我打个 “be＋不定式”结构可以用来表示目的… Great efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. 如果想避免粮食短缺，就要下更大的功夫增加农业生产 十、将来进行时 将来进行时主要用来表示将来某个时候正在进行的或持续的动作表示将来的时间可近可远 Ill be taking my holidays soon.我不久就要度假了 Perhaps nobody will be smoking in forty years.也许 40 年后没有人吸烟了 十一、将来完成时 将来完成时主要表示将来某时刻之前已完成的动作或一直持续的状态 将来完成时必须有一个时间状语 常用的时间状语有： by ＋ 具体时间， 如 by then, by 8 oclock; this time ＋ 具体时间，如 this time next week; in ＋ 一段时间， 如 in two months’ time; 以及由 by the time, before, when 等引导的状语从句， 如 by the time it ends, by the time when we reach the cinema等。

The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends. 会议将会持续整整一星期 On her next anniversary she will have been married for 25 years. 到下一个周年纪念日为止，她就已结婚 25 年了 We hope the film will not have started when we reach the cinema. 我们希望电影在我们到达电影院时还没有开始 十二、将来完成进行时 将来完成进行时表示将来某时、某事之前已在发生的动作，一直延续到将来某一时间，是否延续下去，要视上下文而定，常同表示将来某一时间的状语连用  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 6 By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.太阳落山时，他们在农场上干活就将有 6 个小时了 将来完成进行时也可以表示推测。

It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back. 现在是早春了，鸟儿该飞回来了 十三、过去将来时 英语中，过去将来时主要用来表示： 表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在状态… He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们的 表示过去的某种习惯性行为，只用 would… Whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us. 每当我们遇到困难的时候，他总会给予帮助 十、四过去将来完成时 过去将来完成时主要用来表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作 She told me that she would have finished typing the letter before I came back. 她告诉我，在我回来之前她就会把信件打好的 Judy knew by the time she arrived he would have gone back to his home village.等到朱迪到达时，她知道他已经返回他的家乡了。

十五、过去将来进行时 过去将来进行时表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作或计划中的事(常用于宾语从句中) He asked me what I would be doing when he came the next day. 他问我当他第二天来的时候我会在干什么 He said he would be setting off on the 9 oclock train.他说他将乘 9 点钟的火车走 The bridge they would be building was the first longest in the world.他们将要建造的桥是世界第一长桥 提示：上下文清楚时，可省略时间状语，并可用在状语从句、定语从句及独立句中 十六、过去将来完成进行时 过去将来完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间，是否延续下去，视上下文而定 She said that by the end of the year she would have been studying here for three years. 她说到今年年底，她将在这里学习三年了 语态是一种动词形式，表示主语与谓语之间的动作关系。

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，又称施动者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者， 又称受动者 谓语动词为主动态的句子叫主动句， 谓语动词为被动态的句子叫被动句当主动句转换为被动句时，原来的宾语变成了主语，原来的主语变成了介词 by 的宾语，动词由主动语态变成被动语态 I was invited to the concert yesterday by the Greens. 昨天格林一家邀请我去参加音乐会 Such work can be done by her in an hour or so. 她可以在一个小时左右完成这个工作 一、被动语态各种时态形式 被动语态各种时态形式表…  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 7 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 现在 am /is/are asked am /is/are being asked has/have been asked 过去 Was/were asked Was/were being asked had been asked 将来 Shall/will be asked —— Shall/will have been asked 过去 将来 Should/would be asked —— should /would have been asked Hill slopes are cleared of forests to make way for crops. 树林都被砍光了，山坡用来种庄稼。

一般现在时) They were given a warm sendoff.他们受到了热烈的欢送一般过去时) Their wedding will be held in the church. 他们的婚礼将在这个教堂里举行一般将来时) Im afraid we are being followed.恐怕我们被跟踪了现在进行时) The road was being repaired, so we had to take a detour. 这条路正在被整修，所以我们得绕行过去进行时) They were told that the result would be announced the next week. 他们被告知，结果将在下一周公布过去将来时) 被动语态将来时的特殊表示形式…被动语态没有将来进行时和各种完成进行时形式,但可用其他形式表现 Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection is to be left to the nation. 现年 78 岁的丹尼斯先生已公开表示死后其大部分的收藏品将献给国家。

提示：本句为被动语态的将来时态，即“be＋to be done”，表示一种计划、打算 二、使用被动语态的场合 在施动者不明确或没有必要说明时，要用被动语态… The second section of the book is designed for speaking practice and is always based on a dialogue. 书的第二部分专为会话练习而设计，并以对话的形式为基础 强调动作的承受者而不是施动者时，要用被动语态… The book was written by him twenty years ago. 这本书是他 20 年前写的 有些动词习惯上常用被动语态… He is said to be a good teacher.他被认为是一个好教师 She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.她被誉为是欧洲最佳歌手 三、不同句型的主动语态转换为被动语态 在“主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语”句型中…要将句子的宾语转换成被动句中的主语 The house is being searched by the policeman at the moment. 房子正在被警察搜查。

本句为被动语态的现在进行时，由“The policemen are searching the house.”转换而来) 在“主语 + 谓语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”句型中…可以用直接宾语或间接宾语中的任何一个作被动句的主语，但通常用间接宾语 Tom was given a model plane on his birthday. 汤姆在他生日那天得到了一架模型飞机 (本句由 “Someone gave Tom a model plane on his birthday.”转换而来变为被动句时也可以说“A model plane was given to Tom on his birthday.”但通常用原句中的间接宾语作被动句的主语) 在“主语+ 谓语动词 + 宾语 + 宾补”句型中…要将句中宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语置于谓语动词的后面  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 8 I was told not to touch the red button yesterday. 昨天，我被告知不要碰红色的按钮 提示：本句可视作由“Someone told me not to touch the red button.”转换而来。

It ＋ be ＋ 动词ed 形式 ＋ that 从句…谓语动词是 admit, assume, believe, expect, find, know, note, prove, recognize, report, say, see, state, stress, suggest, suppose, understand 等时，常用这种结构 It is said that Peter has quit his job.据说彼得已经把工作辞了本句相当于 Peter is said to have quit his job 可视作由 “People say that Peter has quit his job.”转换而来，“it”实为形式主语，指代 that 从句) 四、“be going to + 动词原形”句型的被动语态 “be going to + 动词原形”句型变为被动语态时，我们将 be going to 看成一个词，就像情态动词 can 一样，因此它的被动语态应该是“be going to be + 过去分词” Another railway is going to be built in this area. 另一条铁路将要在此地建设。

The world record is bound to be broken by the athlete.世界记录一定会被那个运动员打破 提示： 与 be going to 形式相近的搭配如 be bound/sure/certain/due/about...to 都可采取这样的被动语态形式 5,000 more trees are going to be planted by the volunteers. 志愿者将要种植五千多棵树 They are certain to be given more care.他们一定会得到更多关照的 五、含有情态动词的句子变为被动语态 直接在情态动词后加上 be 动词即可 Any books mustnt be taken out by you.任何一本书都不可以被你拿走 The little girl neednt be looked after (by them). 这个小女孩儿不必被(他们)照看 六、get＋过去分词表示被动的含义 在现代英语中，get 的这种用法局限于口语和非正式的书面语言，动作的执行者往往不表达出来这种结构的应用更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。

One of our new cups got broken last night.昨天晚上我们的一个新杯子碎了 It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didnt commit. 一个人因为他根本没犯的罪而受到惩罚是很令人难过的事 七、短语动词的被动形式 动词短语 短语举例 动词＋介词 如 deal with, look after, talk about 等 This topic has been talked about for years. 这个话题已经被谈论了好多年了 动词＋副词 如 pull down, put off, set up 等 Those old buildings will be pulled down next week. 下周那些破旧的建筑物就要被推倒了 动词＋副词＋介词 如 check up on, do away with, look down upon 等 The accident was checked up on yesterday. 昨天有关方面对该事故进行了调查核实。

动词＋名词＋介词 如make a mess of , pay attention to, take care of, catch sight of, give  更多资料 学英语 找长喜 9 way to, keep an eye on, lose track of, make fun of, make sense of等 This possibility was hardly ever made use of. 这种可能性几乎从不被利用 八、没有被动形式的及物动词 部分无被动形式的及物动词…某些表示状态或特征的及物动词如 contain, cost, fit, have, lack, resemble, suit 等没有被动语态形式 This dictionary cost me five dollars.这本字典花了我五美元 某些动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义…当句子的主语是物，动词是用来说明主语的性质特征而不是强调动作的被执行时，常用动词的主动形式表示被动意义这类动词常见的有write, read, sell, keep, prove, weigh, wash, feel, taste, smell 等。

This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen wears comfortably. 这种由熟练工匠做出来的眼境戴起来很舒适 某些被动句没有相应的主动句… I was born on February 2nd, 1964 in China.我于 1964 年 2 月 2 日出生在中国 九、不定式主动形式表示被动意义 The rock is hard to break.这块岩石很难打碎 She is easy to approach.她平易近人 十、不定式符号 to 在被动语态中不可省 在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带 to，但在被动语态中要带 to She was seen to pass by the window.我看见她从窗前经过 Jim was made to work overtime.吉姆被迫加班 十一、被动语态与系表结构的区别 过去分词的作用区别…被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表状态 The composition was written with great care.这篇作文写得很用心。

被动语态) The composition is well written.这篇作文写得好 （系表结构） 时态上的区别…系表结构一般只用于一般现在时与一般过去时被动语态则除可用于上述两种时态之外，还可用于其他时态 The question is settled.这个问题解决了 I have been driven to it.我是被迫至此 。