
英语法律制度PPT参考课件.ppt
53页Lesson one Legal system法律制度nEvery law has no atom of strength, as far as no public opinion supports it.Wendell phillips, American leader against slaveryn若是没有公众舆论的支持,法律是丝毫没有力量的美国废奴运动领袖 菲力普斯 W 2Background nTwo periods of legal history:The Period of the English ColoniesThe Period of the United StatesOn May 14, 1607, the Virginia Company explorers landed on Jamestown (詹姆斯顿)(詹姆斯顿) Island to establish the Virginia English colony(英属殖民地)(英属殖民地)34Characteristics nCommon law legal systemn普通法系普通法系Decentralization分散制分散制Case law判例法判例法Stare decisis遵从前例遵从前例5Text——Part OnenThe United States is at once na very new nationna very old nation既年轻又古老的国家既年轻又古老的国家6nit is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new Statesn不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It is a new nationCompared with many other countries与其他国家相比与其他国家相比7n It is the oldest of the "new" nations —nthe first one to be made out of an Old World colony. n第一个从第一个从旧大陆旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家殖民地脱胎而出的国家nthe oldest written constitution成文宪法成文宪法the oldest continuous federal system 联邦制联邦制the oldest practice of self-government 自治自治It is old8nThe whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. n美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。
美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史9nfor events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of theprinted record of the United States n那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说传说中湮没的那些事件,是中湮没的那些事件,是美国有美国有文字记载历史的一部分文字记载历史的一部分The whole of its history is recorded10nAnd the American record Comprehensive全面全面Immense浩繁浩繁 11nRecord of the colonial era n殖民时代的记载殖民时代的记载nRecord of the Nation since 1776n国家从国家从1776年开始的记载年开始的记载nRecord of the present fifty States n当前当前50个州的记载个州的记载nThe intricate network of relationshipsbetween States and Nationn各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载12nThe reports of the United States Supreme Court fill 350 volumesnThe reports of some States are almost equally voluminous. 卷数多卷数多 联邦最高法院联邦最高法院判例汇编判例汇编州法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编13nThe reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000stout volumes of legal cases.n想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册多巨册的的法律案例法律案例。
14nNo one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of apeople or of their government. n没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征特征15nWhen hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note,,over more than a hundred years, we have a right to say that is thekeynote. n当一百多年来成百上千的文件当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始敲击出始终如一的音调终如一的音调时,我们可以说这就是时,我们可以说这就是基基调16nThe American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system. n判例法制度(体系;系)判例法制度(体系;系)Part Two 17Civil law legal system大陆法系大陆法系/罗马法系罗马法系Common law legal system英美法系英美法系/普通法系普通法系Statutory law成文法成文法法国和德国为代表,还有法国和德国为代表,还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Case law形成于英国,包括加拿大,澳形成于英国,包括加拿大,澳大利亚,新西兰,爱尔兰,印大利亚,新西兰,爱尔兰,印度、巴基斯坦,马来西亚和新度、巴基斯坦,马来西亚和新加坡,香港地区也采用英美法加坡,香港地区也采用英美法18n Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. n私法私法的大多数领域主要包括的大多数领域主要包括判例法判例法,,以及广泛的不断增加的以及广泛的不断增加的成文法成文法,这些,这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。
力的法律解释19Knowledge Technique central importancefor an understanding of American law and legal methodology因此,判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法因此,判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的其重要的 20nThe common law is historically the common general law —— with supremacy over local law ——which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. 普通法在历史上是普通法在历史上是普通综合法普通综合法,由,由英国英国皇家法院的巡回法官皇家法院的巡回法官颁布颁布的普通综合法的普通综合法地位高于地方法地位高于地方法21n enforcement 强制执行强制执行;;n claim 请求请求;;n action 诉讼行为;诉讼行为;n writ 法院令状;法院令状;n classical Roman law 古罗马法古罗马法22nThe enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of ‘action’ similar to that of classical Roman law.n某项诉讼某项诉讼请求请求的的强制执行强制执行是以是以法院令状法院令状这这种种特殊诉讼形式特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的,而这就的存在为前提的,而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法古罗马法的的“诉讼行为诉讼行为”所构成的体系。
所构成的体系23n If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced; n有有法院令状法院令状,,诉讼请求诉讼请求就要就要强制执行强制执行;;nthere was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist. n没有没有法院令状法院令状为前提的为前提的诉讼请求诉讼请求,就没有,就没有追索权追索权,因而该,因而该诉讼请求诉讼请求也就不存在也就不存在24n This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law. n这一制度在(这一制度在(1258年)年)“牛津条例牛津条例”禁止禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来;除非新令状产生以后变得固定下来;除非“本本案令状案令状”允许了灵活性的例外,后者后来允许了灵活性的例外,后者后来发展成发展成合同与侵权法合同与侵权法。
25nThe narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law. n诉讼形式的限制诉讼形式的限制及其提供的及其提供的有限追索权有限追索权导致了导致了衡平法衡平法和和衡平判例法衡平判例法的产生26衡平法衡平法 由英国由英国衡平法衡平法法院的大法官法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时,在处理专门的申诉案件时,为为避免过分重视令状和程序避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题,而方面的技术性问题,而集中集中考虑案情的理据得失考虑案情的理据得失,最终,最终发展出有别于普通法的法律发展出有别于普通法的法律规范,就是规范,就是衡平法衡平法27n“Equity”——doing equityn公平公平——行为公平行为公平ndeciding ex aequo et bonon决定决定公平且善良(拉丁语)公平且善良(拉丁语)nwas first granted by the King, and laterby his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases.n首先由首先由国王国王,以后由,以后由作为作为“国王良知守护人国王良知守护人”的的大法官大法官作出,以便作出,以便对难以解决的案例提供救济对难以解决的案例提供救济。
28nIn the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system and judiciary (Court of chancery)which competed with the ordinary common law courts. n15世纪,衡平法和衡平判例法发展成世纪,衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独独立的法律制度立的法律制度和和司法制度(大法官法庭)司法制度(大法官法庭),大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在29普通法普通法衡平法衡平法普通法专指英国在普通法专指英国在11世世纪后由法官通过判决形纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法英格兰的一种判例法而衡平法是指英国在而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种正和补充而出现的一种判例法 30nIts rules and maxims became fixed and, to a degree, inflexible as in any legal system. n衡平法的规则和原则逐渐衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定确定,与任何法,与任何法律制度一样,具有律制度一样,具有一定程度的一定程度的固定性固定性。
equity law31nrelief in the form of specific performance n特殊履行形式的救济方式特殊履行形式的救济方式naward of compensatory damagesn损害赔偿裁决损害赔偿裁决nthe injunctionn禁令(临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行禁令(临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令)为的命令) Special characteristics of equity law::32nthe development of so called maxims of equity lawn形成所谓的衡平法座右铭形成所谓的衡平法座右铭nHowever, equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate. n不过,只有当不过,只有当普通法救济普通法救济不充分时,才适不充分时,才适用用衡平救济衡平救济33nFor instance, specific performance for the purchase of real property will be grantedbecause common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property. n例如,对例如,对购买不动产购买不动产提供提供特殊履行的救济特殊履行的救济,,因为因为普通法的赔偿普通法的赔偿被认为被认为不充分不充分,由于不,由于不动产具有动产具有特殊性特殊性,普通法的赔偿,普通法的赔偿不足以补不足以补偿买方偿买方。
34nAs the common law, equity law became part of American law either through judicial acceptance or through express statutory provisionn与普通法一样,与普通法一样,衡平法衡平法通过通过司法接受司法接受和和明确的成明确的成文法条款文法条款成为美国法律的组成部分成为美国法律的组成部分njudicial acceptancen司法接受司法接受n or through express statutory provisionn明确的成文法条款明确的成文法条款35nToday, both legal systems have been merged in many American jurisdictions n这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以这两个法律制度在许多美国司法管辖区中得以融融合合 普通法普通法衡平法衡平法nthere is only one form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. n在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式一套民事诉讼形式36n美国纽约州立法机构于美国纽约州立法机构于1848年年通过通过了由戴维了由戴维·菲尔德起草的菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民《菲尔德民事程序法典》事程序法典》,稍后更成立了一个,稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会法典化委员会”来来“将纽约州的全部法将纽约州的全部法律简化为律简化为成文的、系统化的法典成文的、系统化的法典”。
37nOnly few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. n独立大法官法庭独立大法官法庭38Reference to the historical development is important参考(谈及)参考(谈及)历史发展非常重要历史发展非常重要It explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts当代法律概念当代法律概念the division of title in the law of property财产法上的所有权分割财产法上的所有权分割39 it is still relevant for the decision (裁决)(裁决)of such questionsReference to the historical development is important参考历史发展非常重要参考历史发展非常重要 a right to a trial by jury陪审团的审判权陪审团的审判权40“ordinary” common law relief of damages普通法规定的赔偿金救济普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary” equity remedy of specific performance衡平法规定的衡平法规定的特定履行特定履行救济救济41n"Case law" describes the entire body of judge made law and today includes common law and equity precedents. n“判例法判例法”指整个的指整个的法官定法体系法官定法体系,目,目前既包括普通法,也包括前既包括普通法,也包括衡平法先例衡平法先例。
42nIn imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law" are often used synonymously, with theterm “common law” in this usage connoting judge-made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. n普通法普通法与与判例法判例法混用,被用作同义词,混用,被用作同义词,是指是指“法官定法法官定法”是与成文法成文法相对的相对的概念43n"Case law" ::always connotesjudge made lawn判例法总是指法官定法判例法总是指法官定法n"common law" ::either the judge made law in common law subject matters nor, more extensively, all judge-made law. n普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法,普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法,又包括更广义的所有的法官定法又包括更广义的所有的法官定法44重点词汇重点词汇United States Supreme Court美国最高法院美国最高法院Common law legal system普通法系普通法系Civil law legal system大陆法系大陆法系45nCase lawn判例法判例法nstatutory lawn成文法成文法nClassical Roman lawn 古罗马法古罗马法46nprivate lawn私法私法nbinding interpretationn有约束力的解释有约束力的解释nitinerant judgesn巡回法官巡回法官n English royal courtn英国皇家法庭英国皇家法庭nEnforcement,,claim,,action,,writn强制执行,请求,诉讼,法院令状强制执行,请求,诉讼,法院令状nwrit upon the casen本案令状本案令状47nequity lawn衡平法衡平法nequity case lawn衡平判例法衡平判例法nex aequo et bonon公平且善良公平且善良nspecific performancen特殊履行特殊履行n injunctionn禁令禁令48nequitable reliefn衡平法救济衡平法救济ncommon law reliefn普通法救济普通法救济•common law damages•普通法损害赔偿普通法损害赔偿49•civil suit•民事诉讼民事诉讼nJurisdictionsn司法管辖区司法管辖区• title•所有权所有权ntrial by juryn陪审团审理陪审团审理njudge-made law n法官定法法官定法5051Exercisesn1. Questions about the textn2. Dictationn3. Discussion 52natom:微量,一点儿。
微量,一点儿nHe couldn't produce an atom of evidence. n他一点证据也拿不出他一点证据也拿不出nat once: 同时;既同时;既……又又……nThe book is at once interesting and instructive.n该书既有趣,又有教益该书既有趣,又有教益nitinerant:巡回的巡回的, 流动的流动的 53。
