高中化学公式大全.doc

高中化学公式大全】一、非金属单质(S、 P 、 Cl2 、F2 、O2 、N2 、C 、 Si)1.还原性S + O2 === SO2S + 6HNO3(浓) === H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O3S + 4HNO3(稀) === 3SO2 + 4NO + 2H2ON2 + O2 === 2NO4P + 5O2 === P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P + 3X2 === 2PX3 (X表示F2，Cl2，Br2)PX3 + X2 === PX5P4 + 20HNO3(浓) === 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2OC + 2F2 === CF4C + 2Cl2 === CCl42C + O2(少量) === 2COC + O2(足量) === CO2C + CO2 === 2COC + H2O === CO + H2(生成水煤气)2C + SiO2 === Si + 2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗) + 2Cl2 === SiCl4(SiCl4 + 2H2 === Si(纯) + 4HCl)Si(粉) + O2 === SiO2Si + C === SiC(金刚砂)Si + 2NaOH + H2O === Na2SiO3 + 2H23(碱中)歧化Cl2 + H2O === HCl + HClO(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2 + 2NaOH === NaCl + NaClO + H2O2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 === CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O3Cl2 + 6KOH(热浓) === 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O3S + 6NaOH === 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O4P + 3KOH(浓) + 3H2O === PH3 + 3KH2PO211P + 15CuSO4 + 24H2O === 5Cu3P + 6H3PO4 + 15H2SO43C + CaO === CaC2 + CO3C + SiO2 === SiC + 2CO2.氧化性：P2 + 6H2 === 4PH3P + 3Na === Na3P2P + 3Zn === Zn3P2Cl2 + H2 === 2HCl3Cl2 + 2P === 2PCl3Cl2 + PCl3 === PCl5Cl2 + 2Na === 2NaCl3Cl2 + 2Fe === 2FeCl3Cl2 + 2FeCl2 === 2FeCl3Cl2 + Cu === CuCl22Cl2 + 2NaBr === 2NaCl + Br2Cl2 + 2NaI === 2NaCl + I25Cl2 + I2 + 6H2O === 2HIO3 + 10HClCl2 + Na2S === 2NaCl + SCl2 + H2S === 2HCl + SCl2 + SO2 + 2H2O === H2SO4 + 2HClCl2 + H2O2 === 2HCl + O2F2 + H2 === 2HFF2 + Xe(过量) === XeF22F2(过量) + Xe === XeF4nF2 + 2M === 2MFn (表示大部分金属)2F2 + 2H2O === 4HF + O22F2 + 2NaOH === 2NaF + OF2 + H2OF2 + 2NaCl === 2NaF + Cl2F2 + 2NaBr === 2NaF + Br2F2 + 2NaI === 2NaF + I2F2 + Cl2(等体积) === 2ClF3F2 (过量) + Cl2 === 2ClF37F2(过量) + I2 === 2IF72O2 + 3Fe === Fe3O4O2 + K === KO2S + H2 === H2S2S + C === CS2S + Fe === FeSS + 2Cu === Cu2S3S + 2Al === Al2S3S + Zn === ZnSN2 + 3H2 === 2NH3N2 + 3Mg === Mg3N2N2 + 3Ca === Ca3N2N2 + 3Ba === Ba3N2N2 + 6Na === 2Na3NN2 + 6K === 2K3NN2 + 6Rb === 2Rb3N二、金属单质(Na，Mg，Al，Fe)的还原性2Na + H2 === 2NaH4Na + O2 === 2Na2O2Na2O + O2 === 2Na2O22Na + O2 === Na2O22Na + S === Na2S(爆炸)2Na + 2H2O === 2NaOH + H22Na + 2NH3 === 2NaNH2 + H24Na + TiCl4(熔融) === 4NaCl + TiMg + Cl2 === MgCl2Mg + Br2 === MgBr22Mg + O2 === 2MgOMg + S === MgSMg + 2H2O === Mg(OH)2 + H22Mg + TiCl4(熔融) === Ti + 2MgCl2Mg + 2RbCl === MgCl2 + 2Rb2Mg + CO2 === 2MgO + C2Mg + SiO2 === 2MgO + SiMg + H2S === MgS + H2Mg + H2SO4 === MgSO4 + H22Al + 3Cl2 === 2AlCl34Al + 3O2 === 2Al2O3(钝化)4Al(Hg) + 3O2 + 2xH2O === 2(Al2O3.xH2O) + 4Hg4Al + 3MnO2 === 2Al2O3 + 3Mn2Al + Cr2O3 === Al2O3 + 2Cr2Al + Fe2O3 === Al2O3 + 2Fe2Al + 3FeO === Al2O3 + 3Fe2Al + 6HCl === 2AlCl3 + 3H22Al + 3H2SO4 === Al2(SO4)3 + 3H22Al + 6H2SO4(浓) === Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)Al + 4HNO(稀) === Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O === 2NaAlO2 + 3H22Fe + 3Br2 === 2FeBr3Fe + I2 === FeI2Fe + S === FeS3Fe + 4H2O(g) === Fe3O4 + 4H2Fe + 2HCl === FeCl2 + H2Fe + CuCl2 === FeCl2 + CuFe + SnCl4 === FeCl2 + SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe + SnCl2==FeCl2 + Sn)三、非金属氢化物(HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3)1、还原性:4HCl(浓) + MnO2 === MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O4HCl(g) + O2 === 2Cl2 + 2H2O16HCl + 2KMnO4 === 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O14HCl + K2Cr2O7 === 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O2H2O + 2F2 === 4HF + O22H2S + 3O2(足量) === 2SO2 + 2H2O2H2S + O2(少量) === 2S + 2H2O2H2S + SO2 === 3S + 2H2OH2S + H2SO4(浓) === S + SO2 + 2H2O3H2S + 2HNO(稀) === 3S + 2NO + 4H2O5H2S + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 === 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5S + 8H2O3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 === Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 3S + 7H2OH2S + 4Na2O2 + 2H2O === Na2SO4 + 6NaOH2NH3 + 3CuO === 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O2NH3 + 3Cl2 === N2 + 6HCl8NH3 + 3Cl2 === N2 + 6NH4Cl4NH3 + 3O2(纯氧) === 2N2 + 6H2O4NH3 + 5O2 === 4NO + 6H2O4NH3 + 6NO === 5N2 + 6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH + H2O === NaOH + H24NaH + TiCl4 === Ti + 4NaCl + 2H2CaH2 + 2H2O === Ca(OH)2 + 2H22、酸性:4HF + SiO2 === SiF4 + 2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)2HF + CaCl2 === CaF2 + 2HClH2S + Fe === FeS + H2H2S + CuCl2 === CuS + 2HClH2S + 2AgNO3 === Ag2S + 2HNO3H2S + HgCl2 === HgS + 2HClH2S + Pb(NO3)2 === PbS + 2HNO3H2S + FeCl2 ===2NH3 + 2Na==2NaNH2 + H2(NaNH2 + H2O === NaOH + NH3)3，碱性：NH3 + HCl === NH4ClNH3 + HNO3 === NH4NO32NH3 + H2SO4 === (NH4)2SO4NH3 + NaCl + H2O + CO2 === NaHCO3 + NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)4，不稳定性：2HF === H2 + F22HCl === H2 + Cl22H2O === 2H2 + O22H2O2 === 2H2O + O2H2S === H2 + S2NH3 === N2 + 3H2四、非金属氧化物低价态的还原性：2SO2 + O2 === 2SO32SO2 + O2 + 2H2O === 2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O === H2SO4 + 2HClSO2 + Br2 + 2H2O === H2SO4 + 2HBrSO2 + I2 + 2H2O === H2SO4 + 2HISO2 + NO2 === SO3 + NO2NO + O2 === 2NO2NO + NO2 + 2NaOH === 2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)2CO + O2 === 2CO2CO + CuO === Cu + CO23CO + Fe2O3 === 2Fe + 3CO2CO + H2O === CO2 + H2氧化性：SO2 + 2H2S === 3S + 2H2OSO3 + 2KI === K2SO3 + I2NO2 + 2KI + H2O === NO + I2 + 2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2)4NO2 + H2S === 4NO + SO3 + H2O2NO2 + Cu === 4。