口腔英语训练.pdf

HOW TO PRACTICE MODERN DENTISTRYTHROUGH ENGLISH CONVERSATION牙科英语会话CONTENTS目录Part 1. The First Appointment..........................................................................4第一次预约Part 2. Oral Prophylaxis15口腔预防治疗Part 3. Operative Dentistry20牙科手术Part 4.A n Explanation of Dental Caries27有关龈齿的解释Part 5. Endodontic Treatment..................................................................... 32牙根管治疗法Part 6. Apicoectomy41根尖切除术Part 7. Extraction49拔牙Part 8. Post-operative Care63手术后的护理Part 9. Fixed Bridge68固定桥Part 10. Periodontal Treatment73牙周的治疗2Part 11, Hypersensitive Teeth..................................................................... 86牙齿过敏Part 12, Malocclusion..............................................90咬合不正Part 13, Orthodontic Treatment95正畸Part 14, Dentures106活动义齿（ 假牙）Part 15. New DenturesIll新义齿Part 16. Dental Implants116牙齿种植Part 1The First Appointment第一章第一次预约D-Doctor, H-Hygienist, P-PatientD-医生，H-医生助理，P-病人H Good morning, Doctor Smith.早安，史密斯医生。

D Good morning, Miss Jones. Please come in. I see that you brought: some new nurses uniforms with you. They're very attractive. Wheredid you buy them?早安，琼斯小姐我看见你带着新的护士服装这些服装很好看哪里买的？H I bought them at Isetan's at a bargain sale. They were very: inexpensive. What would you like me to do first?是在伊势丹买来的廉价品非常便宜我先干什麽好啊？D You can begin by checking the treatment rooms. Be sure that: they're neat and clean. Then, you can prepare room number two forthe first patient.4你先检查一下治疗室 可要做到整齐，干净然后把二号房准备好，用来接待第一个病人。

H The first patient is expected at nine-thirty.: 第一个病人预计九点半到D When she arrives, write her name, address and telephone number in: the record book. Be sure to ask her how she was referred to myoffice.她来了就在登记簿上写下她的姓名，地址和号码一定要问她是谁介绍到我们这边的H There's a patient in the waiting room, doctor.: 医 生 ，在候诊室有一个病人D Get the necessary information for our records from her. Then ask: her to be seated. After I examine he Til probably ask you to give heran oral prophylaxis (clean her teeth, col.)先把要登记的项目先登记下来 然后请她坐下我检查了她以后，可能会叫你给她进行口腔预防治疗。

P Good morning, I'm Mrs. Williamson. I have an appointment with:Doctor Smith.早安，我是韦廉森夫人我已经和史密斯医生预约好的H Good morning, The Doctor will see you soon. My name is Miss: Jones.早安医生回头就见你我是琼斯小姐P How long will I have to wait?: 要等多长时间？H The Doctor will see you in 10 minutes.: 医生过十分钟就可以看病P What time is it now?: 现在几点了？H It's twenty minutes past nine. Would you like to sit down?: 九点二十分请坐下吧P Thank you.: 谢 谢 D I 'm ready, Miss Jones. Would you please seat the patient? TH: examine her and tell you if she needs an oral prophylaxis.琼斯小姐，我准备好了。

你请病人坐下我先给她做个检查，然后告诉你要不要进行口腔预防治疗D Good morning, Mrs. Williamson, I'm Doctor Smith. I understand: that Mr. Hughes recommended me. He's been a patient of mine fora long time早安，威廉森太太 我是史密斯医生我知道是休斯先生介绍你来的他是我这边的熟客P I've just moved to Tokyo and I expect to live here for five or six: years. I haven't seen a dentist for a long time. I thought it would bea good idea to have an examination (check-up, coL). I know that myteeth should be cleaned.我刚刚搬来东京，打算在这里住上五年或者六年我想把牙齿6检查一番还是好的我想我的牙齿该洗一洗了D rd like to ask you some questions about your health and medical: history. Have you ever been treated for a heart condition, or for aprolonged illness such as diabetes, liver disease or kidney disease?我想要问一问你的健康情况和病历。

你有没有因为心脏情况接受过治疗？或者因为糖尿病， 肝病和肾脏病这些慢性疾病而接受过治疗？P No, I haven't.: 没 有 D Have you ever had rheumatic fever? If you have, please give: me the details. It may be necessary to have a consultation with yourphysician before beginning dental treatment.你患过风湿病吗？要是有的话，请把详细情况告诉我 在进行牙科治疗之前有必要去看一看内科医生P Is that necessary, Doctor?: 有 必 要 吗 ？D If there5 s a history of rheumatic fever it may be necessary for me to: prescribe an antibiotic before and after dental treatment.假如有德过风湿热的历史，在进行牙科治疗前后，我必要给你开抗生素P I didn't know that, Doctor.: 这我可不知道。

D Bacteria can enter the bloodstream during certain dental procedures: and cause serious complications.在做某些牙科治疗过程中，细菌可能会进入人血液里而引起严重的并发症P Why do you prescribe an antibiotic?: 为什麽你要开抗生素？D The reason for giving an antibiotic to a patient with a history of: rheumatic fever is to prevent a heart infection.给得过风湿的病人开抗生素是为了防止心脏感染P I understand now, Doctor.: 我明白了D Have you ever been treated for a blood disorder such as anemia?: Have you ever had prolonged bleeding from an injury or a toothextraction?针对一些血液疾病如贫血，你进行过治疗吗？你有没有因为受伤或拔牙而长期出血吗？P Not that I can remember.: 记不清了。

D Have you ever had a complication after dental treatment? Have you: ever had a bad reaction from a dental anesthetic (dental injection)?你有没有牙科治疗以后得并发症吗？你有麻醉反应吗？P No, Doctor.: 没 有 D Do you have any allergies? Are you allergic to penicillin?8: 你有什么过敏反应吗？你对青霉素过敏吗？P No, I am not allergic to penicillin.: 我对青霉素不过敏D Are you under a doctor's care? Are you taking medication? When: was the last time that you consulted with a physician? Why did yousee him?你现在还看医生吗？你在吃药吗？你最近一次看医生是在什么时候？是因为什么病看的医生？P No, I am not under a doctor5 s care. I just visited a physician when I: caught a cold about 3 months ago.不，我现在没有看医生。

我只是在3 个月以前因为感冒去看过医生D Miss Jones, please hand me a mouth mirror and explorer.: 琼 斯 小姐，请你把口镜和探针拿来H Yes, Doctor.:好 D May I examine you now, Mrs. Williamson?: 威廉森太太，我现在给你检查，好吗？P Certainly.: 好 啊 D Good. Could you open your mouth a little wider, please? Turn your: head toward me a little bit. Thank you. I don't see any carious teeth(cavities col.).好请你把嘴巴再张开一些，把你的头向前伸过来一点点没有发现什么齿再齿P Good.: 太 好 了 D However, we'll take X-rays this morning. I'll ask Miss Jones to: clean your teeth. There's much calculus (tartar) on your teeth andyou should have it removed.可是，今天早上还要拍X 光。

稍后请琼斯小姐为你洗牙你牙齿有不少牙垢，需要清除掉P Please do as much as you can for me today. I'm not busy this: morning.今天你就尽量做吧我今天上午不忙D You'll need two appointments for your cleaning. I'll review the X-: rays and decide upon a treatment plan for your next appointment.洗牙需要预约做两次我要看一下X 光的结果，然后决定你下一次预约时的治疗计划H How much time should I take to do the oral prophylaxis, Doctor?: 医 生 ，进行口腔预防治疗需要多长时间？D We give 30 minutes, appointments for oral prophylaxis, Miss Jones.: It might take two or more appointments to complete this first part ofthe treatment.琼斯小姐，口腔预防治疗需预约30分钟。

第一部分可能需要2次以上预约10H I understand, Doctor.: 我明白了D Most dental diseases can be prevented. I believe that helping a: patient to prevent dental diseases is just as important as treatingdental disease after it occurs.大多数牙病是可以预防的我认为帮助病人预防牙病和治疗牙病同样重要P What about the cleaning appointments, Doctor?: 医生，如何洗牙？D During your cleaning appointments you'll be taught how to use your: toothbrush and dental floss effectively, as a daily routine.在洗牙时，我们会教你在平时该如何有效地使用牙刷和牙线P What purpose is this?: 做 这 个 目的是什么？D The purpose of your daily home care is to prevent dental caries: (tooth decay, col.) and gum disease. Without good home care mytreatment could fail, because of gum problems or recurring toothdecay. Miss Jones will apply a topical fluoride to your teeth to helpprevent new cavities.每天在家对牙齿所做的护理，目的是要防止脯齿和牙龈疾病。

没有良好的日常护理，我的治疗就会失效，因为牙龈会出问题或牙齿又发生漏坏琼斯小姐会给你的牙齿局部涂氟，防止再长龈齿OP That's fine, doctor.: 好 极 了 D Finally, I want to make follow-up (recall) appointments with you: every 6 months for an examination and X-rays. Also, to clean yourteeth as often as it is needed. Please begin to clean the patient5steeth, Miss Jones.最后， 我想和你订出每6 个月进行一次定期检查预约，进行检查和拍X 光此外，根据需要经常洗牙琼斯小姐，你给病人先洗牙吧H Yes, Doctor.: 好 的 D Show the patient how to “brush“ and use dental floss properly. I'll: see you later, Mrs. Williamson.你教病人如何正确使用牙刷和牙线。

威廉森太太，我稍后再见你Useful Sentences1. Prepare room number two for the first patient.2. I'm expecting a new patient.3. ril examine your teeth.4. ril see you in few minutes.5. What's your name?6. Where do you live? What's your address?7. Please write your phone number on the record card.128.9.1011121314151617181920212223Would you please fill out this record card?Who referred you to my office?Are you employed? What kind of work do you do?How long will you live in Shanghai?Can you wait for a while?The doctor is with a patient.Do you have an appointment?My hygienist will give you an appointment.Fil have to reschedule (cancel, col.) your appointment.The Doctor can see you now.Would you like to sit down?The Doctor isn't here today.The Doctor is out of lunch.I want to ask you about your medical history.Have you ever had a serious illness?Did you ever have complications from dental treatment?Part 2第二章Oral Prophylaxis口腔预防治疗H What kind of toothbrush do you use, Mrs. Williamson?: 威廉森太太，你用什莫样的牙刷？P I use a soft brush. I don't remember the brand name.: 我用的是软牙刷。

我记不得什么牌子的H Here's a sample toothbrush that you may keep. Please take it and: show me how you “brush”.这是牙刷样品，你可以用请拿着，做给我看你是怎样刷牙的？P Thank you. This is how I "brush”.： 谢谢，我是这样刷的H That's pretty good, but you are not cleaning some of the teeth well: enough. I'll put a stain (disclosing agent) on your teeth to show youwhere your toothbrush has missed.很好，可是有些牙齿你并没有刷得很好我在你的牙齿上涂上着色剂，让你看一看有什么地方牙刷没有刷到P It5s all right: 行 吗 ？H Don't worry, the stain will come off easily. If you look in this small: hand mirror, you can see the red stains on your teeth. The soft redstain is bacterial plaque. Do you see how easily it comes off?14用不着担心，着色剂会很容易掉的。

你要是看一看这一小手镜你就看得到你牙齿上的红色的染色这种暗红色的染色是菌斑你看到他很容易退掉吗？P I see.: 看 见 了 H The other stain is hard. It has to be scraped away with a scaler. The: hard, rough stains are calculus. You can remove the plaque with atoothbrush and dental floss, but you can't remove the calculus. THhave to do that for you.其他染色的部分硬的，要用刮除器把他刮掉 又粗又硬的着了色的地方就是齿石你可日用牙刷和牙线将斑点擦掉， 但是却弄不掉齿石/ 我作给你看P That's very interesting. I'm so happy that you showed this to me. I: thought that I clean my teeth very thoroughly. I guess I was wrong.真有意思。

我很高兴你给我做了示范H Do you use dental floss?: 你用牙线吗？P Yes, but not everyday.:用 ，但是不是每天都用H You must use floss everyday. You can't clean the bacteria from the: spaces between the teeth with a toothbrush. I'll show you how touse it. Hold this hand mirror and watch me.你应该每天都用牙线用牙刷是刷不掉牙逢里的细菌的 我做给你看怎麽用的拿着这把手镜，瞧着P Thank you, Miss Jones. TH try to do it better.: 谢 谢 ，穷斯小姐我要试看怎样作的好些H Good. Fil begin to scale your teeth now. Before you leave, I'll: polish your teeth and remove the rest of the stain.好，我现在开始给你刮牙 在你离开以前，我要把你的牙齿磨一磨，并把留下来的着色剂磨掉。

D How much have you done, Miss Jones?: 琼 斯 小 姐 ，干到哪了？H Oh, hello Doctor. Fve almost finished scaling the lower teeth. It: took me a long time to clean them. Would you like to see what I'vedone?奥， 医生 我快刮完下一排牙齿了挂了好长时间 看看刮的怎摸样了？D Yes, please. That looks fine, Miss Jones, but there's still a little bit: of calculus on the proximal surface of this tooth.好 琼司小姐， 看来刮的很好， 不过在这双牙齿临接面上还留有一点点齿石H I see, Doctor.: 是 的 D Fil show you how to remove it. Use a Towner U-15 scaler here. Be: sure to reach under the particle of calculus and scrape upward.我做给你看怎样把它刮掉。

用着一把“ 汤纳u - 15” 刮锄器16一定要刮到齿石粒的下面，然后往上刮H: What if the tooth is loose?要是牙齿松动怎摸办？D If the tooth is loose, you should hold it steady with a piece of gauze: in your left hand. Did you review the patient's home caretechnique?要是牙齿松动， 你可以在左手里裹着纱布把牙齿固定住 你了解了病人在家里是怎样保护牙齿的吗？H Yes, I did. At the next appointment I'll stain the teeth again. Then,: Fil repeat the instructions if it's necessary了解了 在下次预约治疗时，我在给他的牙齿上着色剂 然后如需要的话， 我再教他一次D Usually, it will take two or more instruction periods to teach: effective home care.教人如何在家保护牙齿通常要教两次或更多一些。

P Doctor, should I do anything for my next appointment?: 医 生 ，关于下次预约治疗我应该做些什莫？D Yes, Mrs. Williamson. I'd like you to keep a record of everything: that you eat for a week. Bring it with you on your next appointment.Fil analyze your food list, and make recommendations to improveyour eating habits. It will help you to prevent tooth decay and gumdiseases.威廉森太太， 请你把你一星期内吃的东西都记录下来 在下次预约时把记录带来 到时我来分析分析你的食物表， 对改进你的饮食习惯提出建议 这样可以帮住你防止蛀牙和防止齿龈炎发生疾病P Thank you, Doctor.: 谢谢你，医生Useful Sentences1. What brand of toothbrush do you use?2. How do you brush your teeth?3. Would you describe your daily home care, please?4. The disclosing tablet will show me the bacterial plaque.5. Hold the hand mirror and watch me.6. Show me how you use dental floss, please.7. I'll scale and polish the teeth to remove the calculus and stains.8. How often do you have your teeth cleaned?9. I'll polish the teeth to make them smooth.10 When was the last time you had your teeth cleaned?11 Do you have a normal eating diet?12 Bacteria is the most important cause of tooth decay, gum diseases,and calculus formation.18Part 3第三章Operative Dentistry牙科手术D Good morning Mrs. Hall. If none of your teeth are bothering you,: Fil restore (put a filling in, col.) the tooth with the largest cavity.This is the tooth that Fil treat today. It would be best to use a silveramalgam restoration (filling, col.) here. The cavity is deep so we'dbetter use a local anesthetic. Is that OK with you?霍尔太太，早安。

假如你的牙齿不让你难受的话， 那么我就把蛀的最厉害的牙补一补 我今天先补这双牙 最好的办法就是用银汞补上蛀牙的洞太深了， 还是做局部麻醉好 你看这样好不好？P Yes, go ahead, if you think that an anesthetic (novocaine, col,) is: necessary. I don't like to have an anesthetic for small cavities. Thesound and vibration of the handpiece (drill, col.) bother me. Whatcan you do about my chipped front tooth?好，要是你认为需要麻醉的话， 就做麻醉吧 蛀牙的洞小我就不想做麻醉了 钻牙器的声音和震动使我感到难受 我缺了一块的前齿该怎么办？D That tooth needs a porcelain jacket or a ceramic veneer crown. I: can't put in another silicate (synthetic porcelain) or plasticrestoration because it wouldn't be strong enough. When a part of thebiting edge of a tooth is lost, a stronger restoration is usuallyneeded.需要作成瓷牙冠套或烤瓷冠套。

不能用矽酸盐或塑胶补， 因为这样作不到结实 当牙齿咬合处缺了一块通常需要用好的料子补上P What type of restoration do you use, Doctor?: 医生，那么要用什么药补上D Either a gold inlay or a crown. A crown would look much better. I: don't think that you'd like to have gold showing from a front tooth.We can start now. It shouldn't hurt. Please tell me if it isn'tanesthetized (numb, col.). The decay was very close to the pulp.镶上金牙或者镶上齿冠 镶上齿冠会好看一些我想你是不会喜欢在前牙上镶金的我们现在开始吧 不会痛的 要是没有麻醉好请告诉我蛀牙的地方离牙髓很近P What will you do for that?: 怎 莫 做 呢 ？D I'll put a special covering over the deepest part of the cavity to: protect the pulp. It has calcium hydroxide in it. It will help toprotect the pulp from injury. When a cavity is as deep as this one is,there's a chance that the pulp will die at some time in the future.我要在蛀牙洞最深的地方特别塞上东西保护住牙髓， 这东西里面有氢氧化钙， 它可以保护牙髓而不受损害。

象这棵牙的蛀20洞那莫深，很有可能在将来什莫时候牙髓是会坏死的P What is the chance of the pulp dying, Doctor?:医生，牙髓坏死是常见的死吗？D You can't be 100% sure in these cases, but I'm very confident(sure) that everything will be OK. When the pulp of a tooth dies as aresult of a deep cavity, the tooth will become infected.你的情况不一定百分之百是牙髓坏死， 我有信心一切会弄好的 当蛀牙的洞太深，使得牙髓坏死，牙齿就会受到感染P What happens when a tooth is infected?: 牙齿受到感染将会怎样？D A toothache or swelling will eventually develop in a tooth that's: infected. A tooth might become infected many weeks or monthsafter the decay has been removed.牙齿受感染的结果会引起压痛和牙龈发肿。

蛀掉的地方磨掉之后过了几个星期或过了几各月还是会感染的P Would there be any pain?: 会不会疼呢？D There might not be any pain if the infection is mild or if it finds a: way to drain (if a fistula develops). If the infection doesn't putpressure on a nerve there won't be any pain.假如感染轻微的话，或者找到引流的通道的话，就不会疼假如感染不压迫神经的话就不会感到痛P Sometimes my tooth is sensitive to cold.: 我的牙齿有时对冷有反映D I'll put a lining under the amalgam to insulate the tooth against: sensitivity to cold. As you know, large fillings are sometimessensitive to cold because metal is a good conductor of temperaturechanges. The tooth may be sensitive to hot and cold foods for awhile in spite of the insulation. Don't worry, the sensitivity willdisappear in a week or two. Close your teeth gently. Does the fillingfeel high?那麽， 我在银汞下面垫上东西， 使 的牙齿决不会对冷有反映。

你是知道的， 填补进去的东西要是很大的话， 那麽， 有时对冷是有反映的， 因为金属是良导体， 对于温度的变化是敏感的 竟管有了绝缘物， 吃冷热的东西时可能在短暂时间内会有反应的不用担心， 在一，两周内这种反应是会消失的把你的牙齿轻轻地要紧 补的东西感到高不高？P It feels fine.: 感 到 合 适 D Now tap your teeth together and slide your jaw from side to side.: Good. That's it. The filling is finished.现在把你的牙齿轻轻地咬在一起， 然后把颌往两侧移动就是这样，补好了P Thank you, Doctor.22: 谢 谢 你 ，医生D Don't chew on that side of your mouth for at least 8 hours. That will: give the filling a chance to harden. I'll polish it during your nextappointment. As I said before, there's a small chance that the pulpwill die because of deep decay. If you get a toothache in that toothwe can still save it by doing a root canal treatment. Don't worry. Idon't think that you'll have any trouble.至少在八个小时内不要用你嘴巴的这一边咬东西， 这样补上的东西就会有时间变的结实。

在下一次预约治疗时我再给你的牙齿磨一磨 就像我先前所说， 因为蛀牙洞深了， 牙髓还是有坏死的可能 假如你这颗还痛的话， 我们还是可以进行根管治疗把它保住不用担心，我认为你不会有什么麻烦摸的Useful Sentences1. My tooth feels rough.2. Does that feel smooth?3. The tooth is chipped.4. Did you lose a filling?5. This crown is defective.6. This restoration is very old. It should be replaced.7. I'll put in a temporary filling (Treatment filling sedativerestoration).8. This filling is broken into two pieces.9. A plastic filling wouldn't be strong enough for this tooth. You1011121314151617181920212223242526272829should have a porcelain crown.Have you ever had novocanie before?Were there any side effects?The rubber dam will keep the tooth dry and prevent contaminationfrom bacteria in the saliva.Be careful. Don't bite your tongue or lip.Tell me if it's still sensitive.The anesthetic will wear off in about 2 or 3 hours.Sometimes when two teeth rub together they squeek.When was the last time you had X-rays?Are you pregnant?Hold the X-ray with your finger.Use your thumb to hold it.Take off your glasses, please.Don't move.The X-rays will be developed in five minutes.The decay was very close to the pulp.There's a chance that the nerve will die.A toothache or swelling will indicate that the tooth is infected.I'll put a lining under the amalgam to insulate the tooth againsttemperature sensitivity.The tooth may be sensitive to cold for a while.Do you feel a high spot on that filling when you close your teethtogether?24Part 4第四章An Explanation of Dental Caries有关幽齿的解释P Why do I have so many cavities, Doctor? It seems that every time Igo to the dentist, there are at least three or four new ones. Many ofmy fillings have been replaced two or three times.医生，为什麽我有这麽多蛀牙？好象是每次去看医生至少发现三，两颗性的蛀牙。

我补过的牙有好些还重补过两三次D Your teeth are very susceptible to decay. The reasons for increased: caries susceptibility in certain patients aren't fully understood bydental scientists. There are many complicated factors involved inthe formation of dental caries.你是容易患蛀牙的 牙科医学家们还完全弄清楚某些病人易患蛀牙的原因造成蛀牙有许多复杂的原因P Can you give me an example, Doctor?•医生，你举例说明吧D Heredity, prenatal development and diet are some of the factorsthat are important. The body chemistry of an individual andparticularly of the mouth and saliva are also important.遗传，出身前的发育状况和食物都是重要的因素。

每一个人本身的化学反应， 特别是口腔和唾液的化学反应也是重要的因素P What is the most important?重要的因素是什麽？D The most important and practical thing for you to know about tooth: decay is that it's caused by bacteria. You can control the oralbacteria with daily home care. If you remove the bacteria from yourteeth by effective tooth brushing and dental flossing, you'll reducethe number of new cavities.对于造成蛀牙所应知道的最重要的，最实际的一点就是蛀牙是细菌造成的 你可以通过日常的保护来控制口腔的细菌 假如刷牙刷得有效， 呀线使用的有效，就可以使细菌影响， 这样蛀牙就会少P Is it possible to stop having new cavities?:要不在出现住牙有可能吗？D Yes, you may be able to stop having new cavities. The bacteria on: the teeth use starches and sugars in the foods that you eat to form anacid that dissolves enamel. Enamel is the hard outer tooth layer. Thecavity gets larger by entering the softer second tooth layer, thedentin.有可能。

附在牙齿上的细菌利用你吃的食物中的淀粉脂和糖，把它转变成为能够使发法琅质分解的一种酸法琅质是牙齿坚硬的外层 蛀牙洞到了牙齿的较软的第二层， 也就是牙质时，就会变得大的多26P Does decay affect the dentin?:蛀 牙 对 牙 质有影象吗？D Decay spreads quickly when it reaches the dentin. The decay must: be removed at this time because it'll soon reach the sensitive toothpulp. If this happens, there'll be death of the pulp, pain and infectioninto the jaw-bone surrounding the tooth. The tooth might have to beremoved if this happens.蛀牙到了牙质时发展的很快 这时候应该把蛀牙治疗，因为不久它就会侵入到很敏感的牙髓要是蛀牙到了牙髓， 牙髓就会坏死，牙齿四周的颌骨就会疼， 就会发炎。

在这种情况下，这颗牙齿就要拔掉P How can I prevent this?： 该怎样预防呢？D It's absolutely necessary to visit your dentist twice a year for dental: check up to prevent infection and loss of teeth. X-rays are a veryimportant part of a dental examination. X-rays are needed to finddecay that's hidden from sight.那就肯定要一年去看两次牙医， 进行检查， 预防感染， 也预防牙齿脱落照 X 光进行牙科检查的一个重要部分检查看不见的蛀牙需要看X 光P What type of X-rays do you usually take, Doctor?:你通常使用的是什麽种类的X 光?D I usually take two different kinds of X-rays when I examine a: patient. Periapical X-rays are needed to be able to examine the rootsof teeth. It also is needed to examine the surrounding tissues forsigns of periodontal disease, impacted teeth, infections and cysts.我通常用两种不同种类的X 光检查病人。

检查牙根时需要进行齿根周围的X 光照射 也需要检查牙周围的组织， 找找牙周病，嵌入齿，感染和囊肿的微兆P Does this X-ray find the cavities?: 进 行 X 光照射能发现蛀牙吗？D This type of X-ray is not always effective for finding caries. Cavity: disclosing (bite-wing) X-rays are needed to supplement theperiapical X-rays so that tooth decay can be diagnosed accurately.进行这种X 光照射并不是一定有发现蛀牙的效果需要用合牙翼片X 光照射法作为齿尖周围X 光照射法的辅助， 以便对蛀牙做出正确的诊断Useful Sentences1. I have at least three or four new cavities.2. There are many complicated factors in the formation of dentalcaries.3. Heredity, prenatal development and diet are important factors.4. Tooth decay is caused by bacteria.5. Bacteria is removed by effective toothbrushing and dental flossing.6. You may be able to stop having new cavity.7. Enamel is the hard outer tooth layer.288 . The decay will soon reach the sensitive tooth pulp.9 . It's necessary to visit your Dentist twice a year.10 Check-ups prevent infection and loss of teeth.11 X-rays are a very important part of dental examination.12 Two types of X-rays are needed.13 Periapical X-rays are needed to examine the roots of teeth.14 Disclosing X-rays are needed to supplement the periapical X-rays.Part 5第五章Endodontic Treatment根管治疗法H There's a patient with severe pain in the waiting room. Doctor.: 医 生 ，在候诊室有一个病人牙痛得很厉害。

D Take an X-ray and ask him to sit down in treatment room number:two.给她照X 光，请她在二号治疗室坐着等D Good morning, I'm Doctor Smith. My assistant said that you're: having trouble with one of your teeth. How long have you beenuncomfortable?早安，我是史密斯医生我的助手说你的一颗牙齿有问题，你感到不舒服有多长时间了？P It's been hurting for three days and seems to be getting worse. It: aches constantly and any pressure on it is very painful.已经痛了 3 天，看来越来越难受了现在经常不断地痛，一压就痛得要命D I've examined your X-rays. There's decay under a large filling. The: decay is into the pulp of the tooth.我检查了 X 光照射结果。

在你牙齿原来大块填补物下边也有龈坏了龈坏已经到了牙髓P What is the pulp of the tooth, Doctor?: 医 生 ，牙髓是什么？D The pulp of the tooth is made up of nerves and blood vessels. The: pulp is commonly called "the nerve". The pulp is located in ahollow canal in the center of the tooth. The hollow canal is calledthe pulp canal or pulp chamber. I'll do a pulp test on that tooth. Iwant to find out whether the pulp is healthy. This instrument willstimulate the nerve of the tooth very slightly. Tell me if you feel alittle bit of discomfort and I'll stop.牙髓是由神经和血管构成的。

牙髓通常叫做“ 神经”牙髓的30位置在牙齿中间的空管中这个空管叫做牙髓管或牙髓室我现在做牙髓试验我要看牙髓是否健康这种器械对神经有轻微的刺激不舒服的话告诉我，我会停下来的P I don't feel anything, Doctor.: 没 有 什 么 感觉D The pulp didn't respond to the pulp test the way it should. The: reason that you don't feel anything is because the pulp is dead(necrotic). The pulp canal is infected.你的牙髓并没有对牙髓试验作出应有的反应你没有什么感觉的原因就是因为牙髓已经坏死牙髓管受到感染P Now what do you do, Doctor?: 怎 么 办 呢 ？D The only way that the tooth can be saved is by endodontic: treatment. Endodontic treatment is commonly known as "root canaltreatment”.把这颗牙保住的唯一办法就是进行牙髓治疗。

牙髓治疗通常叫做 “ 根管治疗”P What's that? Doctor? I'm not familiar with those terms or that type: of treatment.医生，那是什么？这个词我不熟悉，也不知道是怎样一种治疗法D Let me tell you how it'll be done. First, I'll make a small opening in: the top (crown) of the tooth to expose the infected pulp. Can you seethis dark colored line on the X-ray? That's the hollow pulp canal（ chamber） . The area around the end of the root is also infected.让我告诉你怎样治疗首先，我要在牙齿的顶端（ 牙冠）开一个口，使受感染的牙髓暴露出来在 X 光片上的黑线你看得见吗？那是空的牙髓管（ 牙髓室）牙根底下周围的地方也感染了P Oh, yes, I see.:啊 ，是的，明白了。

D The opening in that tooth will allow the infection to drain and: enable me to enlarge, clean, and smoothen the pulp canal. I'll treatthe infection by putting medication in the tooth with a temporaryfilling until your next appointment.牙齿开了 口就可以把脓排掉，把牙髓管弄大、清洗、磨平在牙齿里放上药物进行治疗至下次预约治疗之前先暂时填补上P Will the tooth be alright?: 那么牙齿行吗？D Your tooth may be uncomfortable for a while. I'll write you a: prescription for it. You might need it.你的牙齿可能暂时并不舒服，我会给你开个处方，可能用得着P What do you do after that, Doctor?: 医 生 ，以后怎么办呢？32D After the infection is gone I'll fill the canal with either a silver point: or gutta percha. The filling will seal the canal and prevent it frombecoming infected again. It may take three or more appointments tofinish the treatment.等到感染解决了以后我就要用银子或者牙胶把牙髓管补上。

补了以后就可以把牙髓管封住，不再受到感染可能需要预约治疗 3 次或多一些就可以完成治疗P If that's what has to be done to save the tooth, please go ahead. I: don't want to lose it.假如保住牙齿需要这样做的话，那就做吧，我不想失掉这颗牙j j t .凶D That's a very wise decision. There are also other things you should: know before I begin. A tooth with a root canal filling isn't as strongas an ordinary tooth. It Incomes brittle, and the tooth enamel is morelikely to fracture.你这样决定是明知的在我开始治疗之前还有些事你是需要知道的牙管填补过的牙齿并不象普通牙齿那么结实，而是变得脆了，牙釉质变得容易碎裂P Has this happened to my tooth?: 我的这颗牙齿是不是到了这种地步？D A large part of your tooth has already been lost because of decay. It: will be necessary to make a gold crown for the tooth to give itstrength. It will also be necessary to insert a gold post (dowel) intothe tooth.你这颗牙齿大部分已经因为龈坏的关系脱落了。

需要在这颗牙齿上面镶上金子，用以加强它还要在牙齿里面嵌入金钉P Why do you put a gold post into my tooth?: 为什么在我的牙齿里面要塞入金钉？D The gold post will build up enough of the tooth to hold the gold: crown securely. This plastic model will show you how it will bedone.有了金钉就可以把金牙冠支持住，安全得多看这个塑料模型就知道怎么个做法P Is there anything else I should know about this treatment?: 有关这次治疗方面我还该懂得些什么？D There's one more thing that you should know. Sometimes: endodontic treatment isn't successful. With the best possibletreatment, the tooth may become infected again. I wouldn't worryabout it. Chances for success are better than 95%.还有一点你是该知道的，有时牙髓疗法并不成功。

就算尽量把它治好，也有再次受到感染的可能可是我并不担心，因为城的机会占95%以上P Maybe it would be better to extract the tooth.: 可能还是拔了好些D I can't make this decision for you. You'll have to decide for: yourself.我不能替你决定，要靠你自己决定34P I don't know which is better. What do you recommend?: 我不知道拔还是不拔好你出主意吧D I don't recommend extraction. You should do everything possible to: save the tooth. If the tooth is extracted a bridge will be needed.我不主张拔，应当想尽办法把牙齿保住假如拔了牙就要做上一个桥P What does that entail?:那 需要些什么？D Gold crowns would have to be made for the teeth next to the space: to hold the bridge. It would be necessary to “grind down“ the size ofthese abutment teeth to prepare them for crowns. A bridge would bevery expensive. I don't think that it's necessary.在间隙两边的牙齿上必须做上金牙冠，用来支撑住桥。

需要将作桥墩的牙磨掉一些，准备套上金牙冠做桥很花钱，我想没有必要P Fil take your advice, Doctor. Please try to save the tooth.： 我听你的意见那么请你尽量把牙齿保住吧H I have a root canal filling in one of my teeth. The tooth is changing: color. Can anything be done about it?我有一颗牙在牙根管里补过现在这颗牙变了颜色，有什么办法可以解决？D Sometimes a tooth with a root canal filling will change color. I can:treat it by bleaching it with superoxol (30%H2O2). If the crown ofthe tooth is weak it would be better to make a porcelain, acrylic, orceramco crown. If the crown of the tooth is strong, I'd rather bleachit. Bleaching a tooth isn't very difficult.牙根管补过的牙有时会变色。

我可以用30%的过氧化氢液来漂白牙齿假如牙冠薄弱，那么还是做上瓷的、透明合成树脂的或者是烤瓷的牙冠假如牙齿结实的话，还是漂白好漂白牙齿并不困难H What is the first step, Doctor?: 医 生 ，第一步怎么做？D The first step is to remove all of the old filling. A rubber dam is: needed to prevent the superoxol from burning the gingival.第一步先把所有的填补物都挖掉需要做个橡皮障免得牙龈被烧伤了H How is the superoxol applied?: 怎 样 使 用 30%的过氧化氢液？D The Superoxol is applied to the tooth with a little bit of cotton. The: bleaching is done by applying heat to the tooth with a hot metaldental instrument. There's no discomfort associated with thistechnique.可以用小棉球将30%的过氧化氢液涂到牙齿上。

漂白牙齿要用一种发热的金属器械把热送达牙齿上进行这种疗法并不会有什么不舒服H What color does this treatment make the tooth?36: 治疗完了之后牙齿会变成什么颜色？D The tooth might be a very light color after ifs bleached. However, it: will change to a normal color in less than one week.牙齿经过漂白之后会变得十分亮，但是到了一个多星期之后就会变得与正常的牙齿颜色一样Useful Sentences1. The filling has decay under it.2. The decay is into the pulp of the tooth.3. The pulp is sometimes called the nerve.4. The pulp is found in the center of the tooth.5. The pulp test will show me if the pulp is healthy.6. The pulp tester will stimulate the nerve a little bit.7. Tell me if you feel uncomfortable and 141 stop.8. The pulp is infected.9. The nerve is dead.1 There's a swollen gland in my neck.01 Have you ever taken penicillin?11 Are you allergic to any medicines?21 Take one pill four times a day.31415161718202122232425262Do you know what a root canal filling is?The opening in the tooth will let the infection drain.I'll put a medication in the tooth to sterilize it.I'll irrigate (rinse) the tooth with peroxide to clean the pulp canal.I expect the tooth to be a little bit sensitive during treatment. 19.The filling will seal the pulp canal and prevent another infection.A tooth with a root canal filling is more brittle and more likely tofracture.The chances for success are better than 95%.There is no guarantee that treatment will be a success.It's much less expensive to save a tooth than it is to extract it andreplace it.Sometimes an endontically treated tooth will change color.If it becomes gray it can either be bleached or have a crown.If the nerve is dead, why does it hurt?The bone and gums around the tooth aren't dead. That's why you're387 having pain.Part 6第八章Apicoectomy根尖切除术P Excuse me. Is the Doctor in?: 请 问 ，医生在吗？H Good afternoon, sir. The Doctor is here today. Do you have an: appointment?下午好，先生。

医生今天不上班你预约了没有？P No, I don't. A friend of mine, Mr. Henderson, recommended Doctor: Smith. I want to make an appointment. My name is Mr. Turner.没有 我的朋友亨德森先生介绍我来看史密斯医生的 我想要预约一下我的名字叫特纳H I see. Wait just a minute. Doctor Smith, there's a patient here. He's: a friend of Mr. Henderson. He wants to make an appointment.知道了 请等一会 史密斯医生，有一位病人来看病他是特纳先生的朋友 他想要约一下D I'm not busy now. Ask him to come in. Hello, my name is Doctor:Smith. What can I do for you?我现在不忙， 请他近来 你好，我就是史密斯医生， 有什麽事？P I have a tooth that's giving me trouble. It's this one, the upper front: tooth. When I close my teeth together it's rather painful. Pressure onit is very uncomfortable.我有一颗牙有毛病。

就是这颗， 上排的前齿 我把牙齿咬合时就感到很痛把它压着可十分难受D I can see that the gum is red and inflamed. There?s also some: swelling. When did you begin to have pain?我看到牙龈已经发红，发炎了什麽时候开始感到痛的？P It began with a very slight, dull ache about a week ago.: 大概一星期以前开始有钝痛的感觉D The X-ray shows that the area around the end of the root has: become infected. This tooth has had a root canal filling. Do youremember when it was done?X 光显示牙龈脚下的周围已经受到感染 这颗牙齿的根管曾经补过你记得什麽时候补的吗？P It was about three years ago.: 大约三年前D Well, sometimes a tooth that has been treated endodontically will: become infected or develop a cyst. It doesn't always mean that thetooth will have to be extracted. It can usually be treated successfullyby performing an apicoectomy.唔， 有时进行过牙水髓治疗的牙齿会感染或发展成了囊肿。

40并不是再这种情况下就一定要把牙拔掉通常进行齿根尖切除就可以治好P What's that, Doctor?: 医生，那是怎麽回事？D Apicoectomy is the removal of a very small part of the infected root: tip. Another part of the treatment is to remove the infected (orcystic) tissue from the jaw-bone surrounding the root.齿根尖切除就是要将受到感染的根梢的一个非常小的部分切除掉另外，还要将牙根周围颌骨受感染的组织切除掉P And what is needed for this?: 这样做需要什麽呢？D Sometimes a retrograde silver amalgam filling is needed to seal the: small opening in the root tip to be sure that the tooth won't becomeinfected again.有时需要用逆方向的方法填补上， 银汞封住牙根根梢的小洞口， 以便使牙齿不再受到感。

P Can you please explain how this is done?： 请你给我解释会怎样做，好不好？D An incision is made in the gum just above the tooth at the level of: the root tip. After the infected root tip and infected tissue have beenremoved, a small undercut preparation is made in the root for asilver amalgam filling. It's done in the same way that a small cavityis treated on the crown of a tooth.就在牙齿上边， 压根梢那麽无高的地方的齿龈切 再把受感染的牙根梢和受感染的组织切除之后，为准备在牙根里补上银汞，P When can you do this for me?: 你什麽时候可以帮我做呢？D I have time to do this now. I'm not expecting another patient for a: little while. Are you free? It shouldn't take more than 30 minutes我现在有时见做。

一下子还不会有别的病人来你有空闲吗？用不了三十分钟P Good. I'm not busy now, but I have to meet a friend in an hour and: a half. Will there be any side effects?好， 我现在不忙， 但是我过了一个半小时要见一个朋友 会有什麽副作用吗？D There'll be a little bit of bleeding, but I'll put in some sutures: (stitch, col.) to control it. Fm sure that the bleeding won't be aproblem. There will probably be some soreness for a day or two.Aspirin will take care of that. Your lip could also become swollenfor two or three days. None of the possible side effects shouldinterfere with your normal activities会流一点血， 可是，我会把它缝合就可以控制得住。

肯定流点血并不是什麽问题 头一，两天也许会有些痛 吃点阿斯必林就可以嘴唇也回肿上三两天 不会有什麽副作用以至影响你的正常活动42P Is there anything that I should avoid?： 有什麽要避免的吗？D It would be a good idea to avoid vigorous exercise for a few days.: Miss Jones, please give me some topical anesthetic and a syringe,m apply a topical medication that will numb the surface of thegum. It will lessen the discomfort of the injection. I'll inject theanesthetic slowly so that it won't be too uncomfortable. There, Ihope that didn't bother you too much最好是在几天内都不做剧烈运动 琼司小姐， 请给我拿来局部麻药和注射器。

我先把局部麻药涂上， 可以使齿龈外层麻木， 打针时就不会那莫不舒服了打针时我会慢慢打，这样才不会太过不舒服 怎样，我想不会太痛吧P That's fine, Doctor.: 还 好 D Hand me a scalpel, Miss Jones. Thank you. Miss Jones will use the: aspirator to remove the saliva from your mouth.琼斯小姐， 请拿来一把解刨刀 琼斯小姐会给你用吸引器把你口腔中的唾液吸掉P Is it that noisy instrument she's holding?: 是不是他手里拿的那个嘈杂的器械？D Yes, it's just like a small vacuum cleaner. Miss Jones, give me a: periosteal elevator. Now take the mallet and tap lightly on thisinstrument. A little harder. That's it. Give me a curette. Fine. I'llsuture now. Was that uncomfortable?是的， 很象一个小型真空吸尘器。

琼斯小姐， 给我拿来一把骨膜起子 现在把木捶拿来， 轻轻地在起子上敲敲 敲大力一些 给我一把刮匙 我现在就给你缝上你感到不舒服吗？P No, not at all, I feel fine. When should I come back, Doctor?:不 ，一点也不，我觉得很好 医生，下次什么时候回来？D Come at the same time the day after tomorrow. I'll remove the: sutures then. It will only take a few minutes.后天同一个时间回来吧，那时我给你拆线只要几分钟就行了P How much do I owe you, Doctor?: 医 生 ，该付多少钱？D Miss Jones will take care of it. Rinse the sutured area with warm: water after each meal. Don't begin rinsing until tomorrow. If yourinse too soon, it could prolong the bleeding.琼斯小姐管收钱。

每次吃了饭之后用温水漱洗缝合的地方明天开始才可以漱洗假如你太早漱洗的话，就会使出血的时间长些Useful Sentences441 . Does it hurt?2 . Do you feel better today?3 . What kind of pain is it?4 . Would you describe your symptoms, please?5 . Is it a dull pain?6 . Is it a sharp pain?7 . Is it a throbbing pain?8 . Is it a constant pain?9 . Is it an occasional pain?10 When did the pain begin?11 Did it ever hurt before?12 Did aspirin help to relieve the pain?13 Does pressure make it hurt?14 Do you feel pain when I tap on this tooth?15 Is it sensitive to sweet foods, to cold or warm temperatures, or tothe touch?16 There's a lot of tobacco stain on you teeth.17 I don5t remember.18 Don't forget.19 Sometimes a tooth with a root canal filling will become infectedor develop a cyst.20 Apicoectomy is the removal of a very small part of the infectedroot tip.21 A retrograde amalgam in the tip of the root will seal it and help toprevent another infection.22 m make an incision in the gum to be able to see the root.23 None of the side effects should interfere with your normalactivities.24 You might get a “black and blue“ mark (hematoma).25 It'll disappear in about a week.26 The aspirator will remove the saliva from your mouth.27 That noisy instrument is just like a small vacuum cleaner.28 Don't start rinsing until the bleeding stops.Part 7Extraction第七章拔牙H Doctor Smith, a patient is in the waiting room. She has a toothache.: She doesn't have an appointment.候诊室里有一个病人.她患牙痛.她没有事先预约.D Bring her into this treatment room, please.: 请带她到这间诊室.46P Hello, Doctor Smith. How are you today?: 你 好 , 医生，今天好吗？D Hello, Mrs. Waters. I haven,t seen you for a long time.: 你 好 ，沃特丝太太.好久不见.P That's right. I believe it's been more than 6 months.: 是 呀 。

我想已经有6 个月不见了.D What can I do for you today?: 今 天 怎 样 ？P I have a tooth that's sensitive. The gum around it is swollen. I've: taken aspirin, but it doesn't help.我有一颗牙齿很敏感， 牙龈都肿了.我服用了阿司匹林还是不管用D Let me see. Open your mouth wide, please. The third molar: (wisdom tooth, col.) is badly decayed. I wanted to extract that toothlast year. Do you remember?让我看一看， 请把嘴巴张大第三颗智齿蛀的很厉害去年我就要把这颗牙拔掉，你还记得吗？P Yes, I do, but I was afraid to have it extracted. It wasn't hurting: then. What can you do, Doctor?记得可是我怕拔牙当时这颗牙并不痛。

医生，该怎麽办 ？D The only thing to do is to remove it.: 唯一的办法就是把它拔掉P Will it hurt?: 痛 补 痛 ？D No, it won't hunt. Til give you an anesthetic.: 不 会 痛 ， 我会给你麻醉P Is there any chance to save it?: 能 保 留 的 住吗？D No, absolutely not. It?s infected and nothing can be done.:不 能 ， 肯定保不住了 已经感染了， 实在没有别的什麽办法了P I understand. Can you take it out now, or will you have to give me: an antibiotic?明白了你能现在就把它拔掉呢， 还是给我用抗生素？D There's no need for an antibiotic, not in this case. The best way to: treat this problem is to extract the tooth before the pain andinfection get worse.用不着抗生素， 再这种情况下用不着。

D Miss Jones, sterilize my surgical instruments and put an apron on: the patient. I want to extract a tooth. It?s the lower, left, third molar.q琼丝小姐， 把手术器械消毒， 给病人盖上围巾.我要给病人拔牙， 拔的是下排左边的第三颗臼齿H Yes, doctor. The surgical instruments are in the sterilizer. The48: anesthetic syringe is sterilized and ready.是的.手术器械在消毒器里.麻醉注射器已消毒和准备好了.D Good. Give me the topical anesthetic, please. I'll put some of this: anesthetic on the gum before I give you the injection. It will lessenthe discomfort of the injection.好， 请给我局部麻药..在注射之前我要在牙龈上放些麻醉药.这样在注射时就不会太难受了.H Which anesthetic will you use, Doctor?: 医 生 ， 使用什么麻药？D Give me 2 carpules (cartridges) of Xylocaine 2% with 1:100,000: epinephrine.给我抽一支1:100000的肾上腺素， 浓度百分之二的xylocaine两支.D ril give you the anesthetic injection now. You may feel this a little:bit.我现在就要给你注射麻药, 你可能会有点感觉.P Can you give me a general anesthetic (can you put me to sleep, col.): .你可以给我做全身麻醉( 你能使我睡着) 吗？D I don't give general anesthetics in my office, because of the: possibility of complications. It's best to give a general anesthetic ina hospital to protect you from dangerous side effects. Complicationsare difficult to treat in a dental office. There, I'm finished now. DidI hurt you?我这里不是全麻的，因为做全麻有发生并发症的可能性。

做全麻最好住在医院， 以免发生危险的副作用好，现在注射完了痛不痛？P No. it didn't hurt much. I hardly felt it.:不 ，不怎麽痛，几乎没有感觉D Rinse your mouth, please. I'H wait about 15 minutes for the: anesthetic to take effect.请先漱漱口，约等15分钟才能发挥作用P My lower lip feels funny already.: 我的下唇感到发生变化了D The anesthetic is starting to take effect. How does your tongue feel?: 麻药正在开始起作用了，舌头有什麽感觉吗P My tongue doesn't feel different. I don't feel well. Fm dizzy and: my stomach is upset. I think I'm going to vomit (spit up, col.)我的舌头没有什麽不同的感觉， 就是感到不好受， 感到头晕目眩， 胃很不舒服。

我很想吐D Don't worry. You5re having a mild nervous reaction.: 不 用 担 心 ，这是一种轻微的神经反应P Is that normal?: 这 正 常 吗 ？D It happens to a lot of patients and it's not serious. You'll feel better: in a little while. Everything will be OK. Til tip the dental chair backand that will help.50有许多病人有这种情况，但是并不严重，过一会儿就会好的，什么事也没有我要把牙科手术椅往后倾一些，这样可能有点帮助P I'm thirsty. May I have a drink of water?： 我口渴我可以喝水吗？D Yes, go ahead. You're looking much better. You looked pale for a:while.可以，喝吧你现在脸色好得多了，刚才有一阵子脸色发白P Yes, I do feel better now, doctor.: 是 的 ，现在我感到好些了。

D We can start now. You'll feel pressure while I'm removing the: tooth. You'll also feel the tooth move, but it won't bother you. MissJones, hand me a periosteal elevator. Was that sensitive, Mrs.Waters?现在我们开始吧 我在给你拔牙的时候， 你会有一种压迫感，也会感到牙齿松动， 但是不会让你感到难受 琼丝小姐，把骨膜起子拿来沃特丝太太，会不会有感觉P It didn't hurt.: 不 痛 D Aspirate, Miss Jones. Don't hold the aspirator too far back in the: patient's mouth. She has a tendency to gag. Give me the lowermolar forceps. The tooth is badly decayed. I have to separate theroots.琼丝小姐， 吸吧。

不要把吸引器往病人嘴里推得太深 他看来要吐得样子把下颌臼齿钳子拿来这颗牙齿蛀的不成样子得把这齿根分开P Is there any problem, Doctor?: 医 生 ，有什麽问题吗？D No problem, Mrs. Waters, this won't take long. Give me a curette,: Miss Jones. No, not the small one, give me the middle sized one.The large one is too big.没问题，沃特丝太太 用不了太长时间，琼丝小姐， 请把药匙拿来 不， 不是小号的， 是中号的大号的太大了些H Here is the middle-sized curette, Doctor.: 这 是 中 号 的 D Fil have to put in a suture (stitch, col.). Give me the black silk.: OOO suture, Miss Jones. You can rinse your mouth, Mrs. Waters.我要给她缝合，琼丝小姐。

把 黑 丝000号缝合针拿来沃特丝太太，你可以漱口了D Take the scissors and cut the suture about 5 millimeters from the: knot, Miss Jones.琼丝小姐，拿尖刀来把缝合线在离节子五毫米的地方剪开H Here, Doctor?: 这 样 对 吗 ， 医生D Yes, that's right. Good. Rinse your mouth again, Mrs. Waters. I'm52: finished. You should come back in three days to have the sutureremoved.对的， 很好 沃特丝太太， 再漱口过三天你得回来拆线P Thank you very much, Doctor. Fm very happy that the tooth is out.: You were very careful. How much do I owe you?十分感谢牙齿拔掉了， 我十分高兴你可真小心呀该交多少钱？D Miss Jones will take care of the fee. Miss Jones, remove the towel: and take care of the bill, please.你交给琼丝小姐好了。

琼丝小姐，把毛巾拿走你去收钱吧H Yes, Doctor.: 好 的 D rd like you to bite on this gauze sponge for about 20 minutes. That: should stop most of the bleeding. Miss Jones will give you someextra sponges to take home. If there's a lot of bleeding after 20minutes, you may want to replace the gauze.你把海绵球咬上二十分钟，大体上可以止住血琼丝小姐会另外给你一些海绵球带回家假如过了二十分钟血还流的话，那麽就换海绵球P What about chewing food, Doctor?: 医 生 ，咀嚼食物怎麽样？D Don't chew your food on that side of the mouth for one week. Brush: your teeth today, but don't brush the extraction area (site) for fivedays. Start to rinse the extraction area tomorrow. Rinse after everymeal until you can brush normally again. Don't use a commerciallyprepared mouthwash. Use warm salt water when you rinse.再一星期以内，不要用嘴巴的这一边嚼东西。

今天可以刷牙，可是五天内不可刷到拔牙的地方明天就可以漱洗拔了牙的地方在你能正常刷牙以前，可以在每天饭后漱口不要用市面上买的现成的漱口液，可用温盐水漱口P Very well. Thank you, Doctor.:好 ，谢谢你医生D Good-bye, Mrs. Waters. Call me on the telephone if you think you: are having any complications. If you're uncomfortable, take twoaspirins every four hours.沃特丝太太， 再见 假如有什麽并发症的话打告诉我假如不舒服的话，可以每隔四小时服用阿司匹林H That was a very easy extraction, Doctor.: 医 生 ，这次拔牙特别容易D Yes. The tooth was very loose because of the infection. I don't like: to remove teeth, unless it's absolutely necessary. On the other hand,I think that it's a bad mistake to keep a tooth that has had a badprognosis. The infection might spread to the next tooth.是的。

这颗牙齿因为感染所以特别松 除非不拔不可， 我是不喜欢拔呀的 但另方面，我认为要是预后不好的话， 把坏54牙留着可就是大错误了坏牙是会想把想临的牙传染的H What do you think about extracting third molars?: 你以为拔掉第三颗大臼吃齿怎样？D It depends on the age of the patient. Also whether the teeth are fully: erupted and in a normal relationship to their adjacent and opposingteeth. If the tooth develops a pericoronitis and I think that theinfection will recur, I'll remove it.这就要看病人的年龄还要看是否完全冒出， 还有就是与相临牙齿核对牙齿之间的正常关系如何 假如牙齿发生齿冠周围炎，而且，还可能在发的话，我看就要把它拔掉H What age group is best to remove third molars?: 大概多大年龄的人适合拔掉第三颗臼齿？D It's usually best to remove fully impacted third molars when the: patient is young. There are usually more complications followingextractions of impacted teeth for older patients. For that reason Iwon't extract a very difficult impaction on an older patient as longas there are no signs or symptoms of infection or cyst formation.通常最合适的是年轻时把完全嵌入的第三颗臼齿拔掉。

年纪大的人拔完全嵌入的牙齿通常容易发生并发症 就因为这个缘故， 只要是没有感染或形成囊肿的人，我是不愿给年纪大的人拔非常难对付的嵌齿的H When do you extract teeth that are loose?: 松 了 的 牙 齿你主张什麽时候拔？D Mobility is a serious and unfavorable sign, but it doesn't mean that: a tooth can't be treated and retained. Each case must be diagnosedvery carefully.牙齿松动是一种严重的和不好的微兆，但是并不是意味着这种牙齿就治不好了或者留不住了每一病情都要认真进行诊断H How do you determine a prognosis?: 你是怎样决定预后的呢？D Sometimes it's very difficult to determine a prognosis for a mobile: tooth. Splinting is one good way to treat a loose tooth. With thistechnique a weak tooth and a strong tooth are prepared for goldcrowns.有时候对于松动的牙齿要决定其预后是非常困难的。

用夹固是治疗牙齿松动的最好方法可以使用这种办法将一颗弱的牙和一颗强的牙做上金牙冠H Can you explain this technique more fully, Doctor?： 医生，你在进一步把这种手术讲一下好吗？D The crowns are made and attached to each other with solder. Then: the weak tooth and the strong tooth are like one strong tooth. Thisprocedure should be done in carefully selected cases.先把牙冠做好，然后接到一起， 那麽， 弱牙和强牙就变的想象一颗强牙一样了作这种小手术找到最合适的病例做才好H How do you determine the diagnosis of a strong tooth and a week56:tooth?你是怎样对强牙和弱牙作出诊断的？D Although a strong tooth can make a weak tooth stronger, a wrong: diagnosis can result in a weak tooth making a strong tooth weak.When I try to decide whether to treat a loose tooth. I must considerall of the effects of treatment on the adjacent teeth. A mobile toothshould be stabilized with a splint if it's going to be used as anabutment for a bridge or a partial denture.虽说强牙能使弱牙变强，可是诊断错了却能使强牙变弱牙。

当我要做出诊断治疗松动的牙齿时， 我还得考虑治疗对于临近牙齿所产生的影响假如松动的牙齿要用来作为齿桥或部分假牙的齿桥墩，就应该用齿尖夹把它固定住H And if the prognosis is doubtful?: 假如对于预后有怀疑怎麽办？D It might be best to extract a tooth that has a guarded or doubtful: prognosis to prevent a very expensive prosthetic failure. Toothmobility from inflammation or malocclusion can usually be treatedwith good results. Mobility from loss of bone isn't likely to becorrected.对于预后有怀疑的牙齿， 最好还是拔掉，以避免画很多钱修补不成功通常由发炎或咬合不正而造成的牙齿松动经治疗后效果良好由于牙骨钙损而造成的松动就不可能矫正H Thank you, Doctor. You're really cute when you explain dentistry.: How about "handing out,5 together tonight?谢谢你，医生。

你一讲起牙医知识来可真有两下子今晚一起去用餐如何？Useful Sentences1. The tooth will have to be removed.2. It?s in hopeless condition.3. It won't hurt. I'll give you an anesthetic.4. Do you have a fever?5. Your temperature is one hundred and one.6. The tooth is infected. You'll have to take an antibiotic.7. Fil apply a topical anesthetic to the gum.8. It will lessen the discomfort of the injection.9. A topical anesthetic numbs the surface of the gum.1 It's best to have a general anesthetic in a hospital.01 Are your lip and tongue numb?11 Fil wait about 10 minutes for the anesthetic to take effect.21 You'll feel better in a few minutes.31 Don't worry; everybody is a little nervous when they go to the4 dentist.1 You're having a mild nervous reaction. It5s not serious.51 Don't worry; this extraction will be very easy.61 Don't be surprised if there5s some swelling for 2 or 3 days.71 Pressure is the best treatment for bleeding.81 It might bleed a little bit for the rest of the day.92 You should have your wisdom teeth extracted.02 The tooth is impacted. It might become infected or develop a cyst.12 There's not enough space for this tooth.22 The gum is covering most of the tooth.32 That's why it's infected.42 It'H become infected again.5Part 8Post-operative Care第八章手术后的处理H How do you do, Mrs. Waters? The Doctor will see you now.: 沃特丝太太，你好。

医生现在给你看病D Hello Mrs. Waters. How are you feeling? Is there any discomfort?: 沃特丝太太，你好感觉如何？有什麽不舒服吗？P No, I don't feel any pain.: 没有感到痛D Good. Please sit down and let me look. The gum is healing: normally. I'll take out the sutures. This won't bother you.好请做下来让我看一看齿龈已正常的康复我给你拆线吧，不会难受的P Should I come back to have you check it again?: 我 还 要 不 要再来一次D Not unless you have trouble. Call me if you have pain or swelling.60: 用 不 着 ，除非有问题要是疼或肿的话告诉我吧P When should I make another appointment?: 下次预约该什麽时候？D I think that you should wait at least two weeks before I make: another appointment with you. You haven't had a complete X-rayseries (full mouth set of X-rays, col.) for two years. I'll ask myhygienist to take the X-rays today, if you have time. You shouldalso have your teeth cleaned.我想还是得等上至少两个星期才能预约下一次的。

你已经有两年不曾照过X 光片了 如果你有时间的话，我叫助手给你今天照X 光片你还要洗洗牙P Thank you, Doctor.: 谢 谢 你 ， 医生D You're welcome. Miss Jones will make an appointment for you. TH: see you in about two weeks.不用谢，琼丝小姐会跟你预约好的过两周再见吧H How do you make a diagnosis o a localized osteitis (dry socket,: col.) after an extraction?你是如何诊断拔牙后的局部性骨炎的？D Severe pain is the most important symptom in a patient's that's: having complications. A dry socket will usually occur three or moredays after an extraction. If the pain is severe and if aspirin isn'teffective for controlling the pain; it's very likely that an osteitis hasdeveloped.病人凡是得了并发症的其重要的特征就是疼得要命。

干性齿槽通常是在拔牙的后三天或者长些时候发生的假如疼的厉害，阿司匹林是起不了作用的，那麽就很可能得了骨炎H How do you treat an osteitis, Doctor?: 医 生 ，骨炎怎样治疗？D An osteitis is very easy to treat. I use a strip of iodoform gauze that: has been cut to the correct size to fill the extraction socket. Idampen the gauze with a small amount of eugenol and insert it intothe extraction site.骨炎很容易治疗可以用一块碘仿的大小正好的纱布，填进拔了牙的齿槽里，然后将纱布沾上少量丁香酚，塞到拔勒牙的地H What does this do, Doctor?: 医 生 ，这样起什麽作用呢？D This does three things;: 有三点作用：1. It reduces or eliminates the pain.止疼2. It has an antibiotic effect.起抗生素的作用3. It keeps food from packing into the open, healing socket.防止食物进到空的，正在康复中的齿槽里。

62H What about removing the dressing? What procedure do you follow?: 怎样把塞进去纱布取出来呢？然后怎样做？D m ask the patient to return on the next day so that I can remove the: dressing and irrigate the socket with sterile saline solution. Then, Ireplace the dressing. Fil repeat this procedure daily or every otherday for seven to ten days.我会叫病人第二天回来，由我给他把塞进去的纱布取出来，用已消过毒的生理盐水洗静齿槽 然后换上纱布以后在7 到10天内每天或每隔一天照样处理一次Useful Sentences1. Put your head back, please.2. Turn your head to the right.3. Close your mouth a little bit.4. Open your mouth wider.5. Are you comfortable?6. Relax and make yourself comfortable.7. Can you come tomorrow morning?8. Pm sorry to keep you waiting.9. Can I see you Monday afternoon?10 Come back this evening.11 Which is more convenient for you, morning or afternoon?12 Fm expecting you at two o9clock.13 The healing is normal. Fm very pleased.14 Telephone me if you have any pain or swelling15 Be sure to rinse the extraction area well.16 Don't start rinsing until tomorrow.17 How long did it bleed?Part 9Fixed Bridge第九章固定桥D Good morning, it's nice to see you again, Mrs. Walsh.: 早 安 ，很高兴又见到您了，沃尔太太。

P Hello, Doctor. That extraction has healed very well. I had no trouble: with it.你好，医生上次拔牙的地方全好了，没问题了64D Good. You should have a bridge to replace that missing tooth.:好 ，你该镶上假牙来代替拔掉的牙齿P Do you think that it's absolutely necessary?: 你认为一定需要吗？D Yes, I do. If a bridge isn't made, the two teeth next to the space may: move and tip over (tilt). If they 're not held in a normal positionthey may be lost prematurely.是的， 不做不行要是不做假牙的话，那麽在拔完牙齿的空隙两边的牙齿会便的松动乃至倾斜若不把它保持正确的位置上，那麽就会过早地脱落P How can teeth be lost because they move?: 为什麽牙齿松动就会脱落？D Teeth that have moved may be lost because of abnormal biting: pressures. They destroy both the tissues that surround the tooth andthe tissues that hold the tooth securely. The upper tooth that wasbiting against the missing lower tooth will drop downward, becausethere5 s nothing below it to hold it in place. As a result, you mightlose the upper tooth.牙齿因松动而脱落是因为不正常咬合的缘故。

不正常咬合的压力会破坏牙齿周围组织，和破坏巩固牙齿的组织，原来与这颗牙拔掉上下咬合的上排的牙齿，因为在它底下没有牙齿承住它，会变的往下突出结果，连这颗牙的牙齿也会脱落P I see. How do you make a bridge?: 明 白 了 ，牙桥怎麽做呢？D ril make two gold crowns (caps, col.) on the two teeth on either: side of the empty space. Then, I attach the missing tooth (pontic) tothe crowns.我要在空隙两边的两颗牙齿上做上两个金牙冠，然后我把掉牙的地方与牙冠连接上P I really don't want to have gold teeth.•我真不想做金牙D Don't worry. There will be tooth-colored porcelain covering the: front of the bridge. This will make it look natural.不用担心，我会用齿色的瓷制盖住假牙表面。

这样看起来就象天然的P What do you do to prepare the teeth for the crowns?: 你怎样给牙齿安上牙冠呢？D When I prepare the teeth for the crowns, they look like this model.: The next step is to make an impression of your teeth. A model likethis one is made from the impression with plaster. The plaster modelis used to make the bridge in my dental laboratory. It will take oneweek for the laboratory to make the bridge.我要给这两颗可牙齿做的牙冠看起来就想这个模型一样第二步是要做你的牙齿的映模象这样的一个模型就是用石灰从映模中取出来的石膏模型是用来在我的牙料制造室里做齿桥用的，在牙科制造室作假牙要一个星期66P What do I use in the meantime, Doctor?： 医生，在这期间我应该做些什麽？D You'H wear a temporary plastic bridge to protect your teeth during: that time. If there are no delays it will take three appointments tofinish your case.在这期间你要戴上一个暂时性的塑料假牙以保护牙齿。

假如没有延阻的话，经过预约三天治疗就做的完P What type of bridge is this called? Will I be able to take it out of my:mouth?这叫什麽类型的齿桥？可以从？D This will be a fixed (non-removable) bridge. A removable bridge: (partial denture) is best in some cases, particularly if there are a lotof teeth missing. A removable bridge is less expensive. It doesn'tneed as much tooth reduction, because crowns aren't always neededon the teeth that the bridge is attached to. Also a partial denture iseasier to clean, because it can be taken out of the mouth duringcleaning.这是固定式的齿桥。

活动齿桥在某些方面是最理想的，特别是在脱落了不少牙齿的情况下更是如此活动假牙比较省钱，作起来把牙齿磨掉较少， 因为齿桥所负着的地方并非一定要在牙齿上面做上牙冠而且，局部假牙容易刷洗，因为刷洗是可以从嘴巴取出来P Which type is usually better?通常哪一种好些？D The non-removable bridge is usually better, because it's firmly: attached to the teeth. It helps to prevent the teeth from loosening.It's more comfortable to wear and chewing becomes easier.通常是固定的假牙好些，因为他牢固的负在牙齿之上它有助于是牙齿不脱落镶固定假牙感觉舒服些，咬东西也方便点P Thank you for explaining this to me. I'll phone you for an: appointment, when Fve made up my mind. I'm going to be verybusy next month. I don't want to make an appointment that I can'tkeep. I'm sorry that I had to cancel my last appointment.谢谢你给我讲解，什麽时候我下定决心做假牙时，我会打给你，与你预约。

下月我会很忙我不想预约好了又不能遵守我对上次取消表示抱歉D A broken appointment or a cancelled appointment can be a very: costly waste of my time. If you have to reschedule an appointment,I'd appreciate it if you would telephone me at least 24 hours inadvance.预约了部来或是取消预约非常浪费我的时间假如你想要更改时间，能 在 2 4 小时内预先打通知我的话，那就十分感谢了Useful Sentences1. You should have a bridge to replace that missing tooth.2. The two teeth next to the space will move.683. The upper tooth will drop down, because there's nothing below tohold it in place.4. Tooth-colored porcelain will cover the metal crowns.5. The bridge will look like your natural teeth.6. A bridge is made in the dental laboratory on plaster models.7. You'll wear a temporary plastic bridge while your permanent bridgeis being made.8. A non-removable bridge is usually best.9. It's more comfortable and chewing is easier.1 It will prevent the teeth from loosening.01 Please telephone me at least 24 hours in advance, if you have to1 reschedule you appointment.Part 10Periodontal Treatment第十章牙周的治疗D Good morning. How are you today?: 早 安 ，今天好吗？P Just fine, except that my gums are sore. I've noticed that they bleed: when I brush my teeth.不错，只是齿龈还痛，我发现刷牙时齿龈出血。

D Have you had this trouble before? Have you ever had treatment for: a gum problem?你以前有这种问题吗？你以前有没有做过齿龈治疗？P No, and I'm very worried about it.: 没 有 做 过 ，我可真十分担心D When your gums bleed it usually means that your teeth need a: thorough cleaning. In addition, you're probably neglecting yourdaily home care.齿龈出血通常表示牙齿需要全面清洗此外，你可能对日常在家的保护注意的不够P What do you mean by daily home care, Doctor?: 医 生 ，你说的日常在家的保护，指的是什麽？D Daily home care is brushing your teeth at least once a day for a: minimum of four to five minutes each time. Also, you must usedental floss everyday.日常在家的保护指的是每天至少刷一次牙，每次至少刷四到五分钟。

同时你每天应该使用牙线P Well, I try to, but I've been very busy. Tve neglected my teeth for: a long time.好的，我会尽力做到的，但是我一直很忙我有很长时间忽略了我的牙齿D Let me examine you now. I've seen your X-rays. There's abnormal70: recession of the gums现在我给您检查吧我看了您的X 光片，您的牙龈和支持牙龈周围的骨头都萎缩了，and of the tooth supporting bone from around your teeth. It's thejaw-bone that holds the很不正常在口腔内有力地支持着牙齿的是颌骨teeth firmly in your mouth.P What happens if this bone is lost?: 假若用来支持牙齿的骨头消失了，会怎麽样？D If the supporting bone is lost the teeth will become loose. Loose: teeth can become infected假若支持牙齿的骨头消失了，那麽牙齿就会松动。

very easily. Look into this hand mirror. Can you see where thegums have receded? A松动的牙齿非常容易受到感染望手镜里看，您能看见萎缩的齿龈吗？little bit of recession is normal when you get older. When it occursin excessive amounts,当人的年纪大一些的时候，齿龈萎缩是正常的，当齿龈过度萎缩就很可能发展成为there's a possibility that periodontitis (pyorrhea) is developing.牙周炎( 齿槽脓漏) P What's that, Doctor?: 医 生 ，那是什麽？D TH explain it to you after I finish my examination. Can you see the: redness in your gums?我给您检查后再给您解释吧，您能看到您的齿龈发红吗？Look here. Your gums bleed in some places when I touch them.看这里，我一碰到您的齿龈就有好几处出血。

P Are the gums infected, Doctor?: 我的齿龈是不是已经感染了？D No, don't worry. There5s no infection. If there was infection, I'd: prescribe an antibiotic.不是，不用担心，没有感染，假如感染了我会开一份抗生素的处方An antibiotic isn't effective for the treatment of periodontitis.Antibiotics might reduce the抗生素对于治疗牙周炎并无多大效力，symptoms of chronic periodontal disease, but the benefits ofantibiotics are temporary.抗生素能减轻慢性牙周炎的症状，但是，抗生素的效力只是短暂的Antibiotics can't cure this condition or prevent the continual lossof gum and bone support抗生素并不能治疗这种病症，也不能防止支持牙齿的牙龈及骨头的持续退缩与消失。

72from the teeth.P Can you show me, Doctor?: 医生，能指给我看吗？D Surely, please watch me in the hand mirror. I'll reach under the: gum with a measuring完全可以，请看手镜里我是怎样做的，我要用计量用具捅到齿龈底下，instrument. Fil do this very carefully around one of your teeth. Iwant to show you that我会很小心地在您的其中一颗牙齿的周围测量，我会指给您看，there are deep spaces under you gums. These spaces are calledperiodontal pockets.在您的齿龈底下有很深的空隙，这些空隙叫做齿周袋，Some of your teeth are getting loose. Can you see this tooth movewhen I touch it?您有些牙齿已经松动了，当我碰到这颗牙时，您能看见它在动吗？P What can I do about it, Doctor?: 对于这样的牙齿我该怎麽办？D Fil begin by scaling and polishing your teeth. The calculus and: stains have to be removed先得把你的牙齿剥刮和磨亮，牙石和污垢得先清除掉，before your gums can become healthy. You must be taught to useyour toothbrush然后齿龈才会变得健康，还得交你如何正常使用牙刷，properly. You'H also be shown how to use dental floss. One of themost important parts教你如何使用牙线，在治疗当中最重要的部分就是你日常在家的保护，of treatment is your daily home care. Without good home care, mytreatment will fail.假如在家对牙齿保护不好，我的治疗就不能收效。

P And what if the condition is not treated?: 有了这种病况要是不治该会怎样？D If your condition isn't treated, your teeth will get looser.: Eventually, the teeth will假如不治疗的话，你的牙齿就会变得更加松动，最后，牙齿会受到感染become infected. As a result, they will probably have to beextracted.结果可能都得拔掉呢！P What about these periodontal pockets? How can I keep such areas: clean?对于这些齿周袋该怎麽办？我怎样使这些部分保持清洁？D The periodontal pockets that I showed you are areas that are: impossible to clean74我向你所指出的齿周袋是不可能有效地弄干净的地方effectively. No matter how hard you try to clean your teeth, therewill always be small不管你如何刷洗牙齿，总会有少量的食物和细菌藏在齿龈底下，amounts of food and bacteria under the gums. There5s alsocalculus under the gums on在牙根上的齿龈下的地方也会有齿石，the roots of the teeth. The food, bacteria, and calculus in thepockets cause the gums to在齿周袋里的食物、细菌和齿石都会引起齿龈出血，bleed. They are the main cause of gum recession and bonerecession.这些东西是造成牙龈和齿槽骨萎缩的主要原因。

P Is there a way to prevent this recession?: 有没有办法可以防止萎缩？D I recommend a gingivectomy to eliminate the pockets. If the: pockets are eliminated you'll我推荐你做齿龈切除可以消除齿周袋，若齿周袋消失了以后，be able to brush and floss your teeth more effectively. Your gumswill be healthy. The你就可以更有效地使用牙刷和牙线，齿龈会变得健康，loss of bone will be controlled, and your teeth will be preserved.可以控制住齿槽骨的消失，牙齿就可以保住P Do you think that it might be better to extract them?: 你是不是认为把牙齿拔掉会好些？D Certainly not! Your condition isn't that severe. Also, I'm sure that: your teeth can be当然不是，你的情况并不那麽严重，假如治疗得当，可以肯定你的牙齿能保住好多saved for many years if you have proper treatment.年。

P Thank you, Doctor. I hope that you can begin my treatment soon.: 谢谢你！医生我希望您能很快就开始给我治疗H There's a patient in the waiting room, Doctor. She said that she has: pain and swelling医生，在候诊室里有一个病人等着，她说她的上排牙齿又痛又肿around an upper tooth.D Fm busy right now, but I can see her in about 15 minutes. Take a: stat X-ray of the painful我现在正忙着呢，在过大约十五分钟我可以看她给她的痛牙照光片，tooth, and have it ready for me when I examine her.做好准备，以便我给她检查D Hello, Tm doctor Smith.76: 你 好 ，我是史密斯医生P Hello, Doctor. This tooth has bothered me for the last two days.: 你 好 ，医生，这颗牙已经痛了我两天了。

D You have a gum abscess (periodontal abscess).: 你有齿龈脓肿( 牙周脓肿) P Am I going to lose my tooth?: 我的牙会脱落吗？D Probably not. I think I should try to save it. Tm sure that the tooth: can be treated大概不会，我会尽力保住它的，我相信这颗牙会治疗成功的successfully.P What will you have to do?: 你给我怎样治疗呢？D First, PH give you a local anesthetic to make you comfortable.: Then I'll reshape the tooth我首先给你做局部麻醉，使你感到不难受然后我要给这颗牙齿弄一弄，to reduce the length of it a little bit. That will help to relieve thepressure on the tooth and使它的长度变得短一些这样做有助于减少对牙齿的压力，减少痛苦。

reduce the pain. Less biting pressure will also help it heal faster.咬起来压力小了也有助于快点康复P I've notice that the tooth is loose.: 我已经发觉这颗牙齿松了D After the infection is healed, the tooth will become firmer (tighter).: Fil make a small,等到感染治疗好了之后，牙齿就会变得不松动了我就给你的齿龈开个小口让脓流quick incision in the gum to drain the infection. Don't worry, itwon't take me a long出来，不用担心，不用很长时间，也不会痛，我给你开抗生素的处方，time and it won't hurt. I'll give you a prescription for an antibiotic.Draining the感染的地方排了脓，又服用抗生素药丸，infection and taking the antibiotic pills should cure the infection inabout two days.大约两天就可以治好感染。

P What kind of another medicine will I be taking, Doctor?： 医生，我要服用别的什麽药吗？D Fil give you a prescription for codeine. Take the codeine pills if: you5 re uncomfortable.我给你开可待因吧，不舒服时可吃些可待因片Take one codeine pill with two aspirins every four hours. I'd likeyou to come back in78每四小时服一片可待因和两片阿土匹灵，两天以后再回来，two days. I want to be sure that the healing is normal. When theinfection is gone, there我要明确知道愈合是否正常，当感染消失之后，在牙齿周围会出现齿周袋will be a periodontal pocket around the tooth. The pocket willhave to be eliminated or齿周袋必须治疗好，不然又会感染。

the tooth will become infected again.P Thank you, Doctor. Good-bye. Til see you in two days.: 谢谢你，医生，再见，过两天来见你H Why did that tooth become infected, Doctor?: 医生，那牙齿为什麽会感染的？D The main cause was a poorly made crown with overhanging: margins. Faulty dental主要的原因是牙冠做的不好，周围有突出来的齿龈，restorations are common causes for chronic gingivitis andperiodontitis. A tooth with牙齿修补做的不好是慢性齿龈炎或牙周炎的一般原因，患有慢性发炎的牙齿很容易chronic inflammation is more susceptible to acute infection.地急性H Why is that?: 为 什 麽 呢 ？D Defective margins are ideal locations for oral bacteria to: accumulate. Bacteria are the因为齿龈有毛病的边缘是口腔内细菌最容易窝藏的地方，primary cause of irritation and inflammation to the gingival.Proximal contacts that are细菌是齿龈受到刺激和感染的主要原因。

凡是在位置上不切合或不合的邻接面的接inadequate or improperly located will result in food impaction.Food impaction also触会造成食物嵌塞，食物嵌塞也是造成慢性发炎和急性感染的原因causes chronic inflammation and acute infection.H And what happens if the restoration is not shaped?: 假如修补之后不合又会出什麽事呢？D Failure to shape a restoration to provide for normal embrasures will: increase the假如修补的不好，不能具有正常的齿间空隙，对齿龈的刺激物堆积就会增多，accumulation of gingival irritants. Restorations with occlusaldisharmonies may be very修补后咬合不正对于齿周支持组织是会有害的harmful to the supporting periodontal tissues.80Useful Sentences1. Do your gums bleed?2. Does food get caught between your teeth?3. Do you have a bad taste in your mouth?4. Gum diseases are a common cause of halitosis (bad breath, col.).5. Defective fillings often cause gum problems.6. The gums and bone are receding from around your teeth.7. The teeth get loose when the bone recedes.8. Pyorrhea is a chronic disease.9. The deep spaces under the gums are called pockets.1 You can't clean the teeth effectively when there are pockets.01 My treatment will fail without your daily home care.11 There are always food, bacteria, and calculus in the pockets.21 With proper treatment, your teeth can be saved for many years.31 Sometimes infected teeth get loose.41 They usually get tighter after the infection is treated.51 There5 s an abscess in the gum.61 m make a small quick incision to drain the infection.7Part 11Hypersensitive Teeth第十一章牙齿过敏P Good morning, Doctor Smith. I'm happy that I could get an: appointment with you so quickly. Many of my teeth have becomevery sensitive at the gumline.早安，史密斯先生。

能这麽快跟您预约好，我真高兴我的许多牙齿的牙龈边缘变得十分敏感D This is a problem I see in many patients. When the gum has receded: from a tooth, the root surface becomes exposed. The root isn'tcovered with tooth enamel.我有许多病人都有这个问题当牙龈萎缩下来后，牙根的外表82就暴露在外面了，牙根是没有法琅质盖住的P Is that the cause of the pain?: 这就是造成痛的原因D Yes, that's why it might be sensitive to cold, heat, sweet foods or to: the touch. The degree of sensitivity will change from time to time.Sometimes the pain will disappear and come back again at a latertime. If the tooth isn't kept clean by toothbrushing and dentalflossing, the pain will be more severe.是的，这就是对冷热，甜东西和碰到它时就会感到过敏的原因。

敏感的程度时不时有所改变有时不疼，有些时候又疼了假如没有利用刷牙或牙线把牙齿保持清洁，那麽会疼得更厉害P However, sometimes toothbrushing is painful, Doctor.: 医 生 ，我有时是刷牙感到很疼D Please brush your teeth very thoroughly in spite of the discomfort.: That will help to reduce the pain. Try to brush without toothpastefor three days. Try using a different brand of toothpaste. Don't usechemical mouthwash. Teeth may also be sensitive because ofirritation to the tooth pulp from habits of clenching (clamping) orgrinding. If you find yourself grinding or clenching your teeth whenyou're awake, please stop doing it. Incorrect brushing causes gumrecession and abrasion (wearing away of the soft root surface at thegum line).尽管不舒服但是刷牙仁要刷的很透彻。

这样可以少疼一些先试一试不用牙膏刷牙三天试一试用别的牌子的牙膏不要用化学漱口药牙齿过敏也是可能因为有药咬牙或磨牙的习惯而是的牙齿根管的受到刺激你醒来时发现你自己磨牙或咬牙，那麽就不要在磨牙咬牙了刷牙刷得不正确会造成牙龈根茎萎缩和磨损P All of this can prevent gum recession, Doctor?: 医生，你所说的能预防齿龈萎缩吗？D Yes, be careful to brush your teeth correctly to lessen the chances of: causing gum recession. Furthermore, don't use toothpastes or toothpowders that advertise greater “whitening“ ability. Sometimes theycontain rough abrasives that cause increased abrasion of the teeth atthe gum line.是的， 小心刷牙，要刷的正确以便减少造成齿龈萎缩的机会还有，不要用那些广告上所说 的 “ 增白”能力很强的牙膏或牙粉。

这些牙膏或牙粉含有粗槽的磨牙剂，使用龈线上的牙齿的磨损增加P Do you recommend endodontic treatment for this?: 你是不是主张采用牙根管疗法？D No, I don't recommend endodontic treatment for this condition. I: don't place fillings in these teeth unless the abrasion is very deep.Both of these procedures sacrifice normal, healthy dental tissues.不，在这种情况下我不介绍你采用牙根管治疗法除非这些牙84齿磨损太深否则我是不给补上的/ 这些疗法都会使正常的和健康的牙组织受到损害Useful Sentences1. The gum has receded.2. The sensitive root is exposed3. The amount of sensitivity will change from time to time.4. Try using a different brand of toothpaste.5. Don't use a chemical (commercially prepared) mouthwash. Usewater to rinse your mouth.6. Incorrect toothbrushing causes gum recession and abrasion.7. The gums will recede faster if the teeth aren't kept clean.8. I don't recommend fillings for these teeth unless the abrasion isvery deep.9. Sometimes it's necessary to put in a filling.1 Bite down, please.01 Tap your back teeth together.11 The “bite"( col.) seems to be wrong ("ofF', col.).21 Move your jaw to the right and left.314151617181920212223Slide your lower jaw forward.Keep the teeth together.Close your mouth slowly and tell me which tooth touches first.Do you feel a high spot on the tooth?Do you have sinus trouble (col.)?Does it hurt more in the morning?Try to stop clenching and grinding your teeth.A plastic nightguard will cover the teeth.It will prevent you from grinding your teeth.Grinding your teeth at night (bruxism) is a habit that's very difficultto stop.86Part 12Malocclusion第十二章咬合不正P I've noticed that my daughter's teeth aren't growing straight. Her: teeth are too big. There doesn't seem to be enough space for them.我发现我女儿的牙齿长的不正，牙齿也太大了，好象空隙不好。

D How old is your daughter?: 你 女 儿有多大了？P She's eight years old and I'm very worried that she's going to have: crowded (crooked, col.) teeth like mine.她八岁，我担心她会跟我一样长寄生齿D Yes, malocclusion is very often related to heredity.: 对 的 ，牙合不正通常与遗传有关P What's malocclusion?:咬 合不正是怎麽回是？D Occlusion refers to the way that the teeth fit together, and their: position in the mouth. The word malocclusion means that the teethdon't fit together properly. Make an appointment for your daughterso that I can examine her and refer her to an orthodontist if I thinkthat it's necessary.咬合指的是上，下牙排牙齿合到一起时位置合适，咬合不正指的是咬合位置不合适。

给你女儿预约个时间，这样我可以给她检查，必要时我可以给他介绍一位正畸齿科医生P Are there other causes for malocclusion?: 咬合不正还有别的什麽别的原因吗？D Malocclusion can be related to habits such as thumbsucking or: premature loss of the deciduous (milk, baby, col.) teeth. It's veryimportant to make a space maintainer if the second deciduous molaris lost too soon. This will help to prevent a malocclusion fromdeveloping. Most of the time, a malocclusion is caused by the factthat the teeth are too large in relation to the size of the jaws咬合不正与一些习惯如允吸大拇指乳牙过早脱落有关。

假如第二颗乳牙过f脱落，那摸装上间隙保持器是件要紧的事这样有助于防止咬合不正继续发展在大多数情况下，咬合不正是由于牙齿比起上，下颌的大小来说大了一些P Can you extract the teeth, Doctor?: 拔 了 牙 不 行 吗 ？D Extracting deciduous teeth may help temporarily, but it's usually: necessary to remove some of the adult (permanent) teeth to makeenough space for the remaining teeth. Then orthodontic appliances(braces, col.) are used to move the teeth into a normal position.88Treatment is usually started when the patient is 10 or 11 years old,after the deciduous teeth are lost.拔掉乳呀可能暂时有帮助，但是通常有时需要拔掉几颗恒牙，让留下来的牙齿有足够的空间。

然后用绞型装置将牙齿移到正确的位置上通常是在病人十岁或十一岁乳牙脱落之后开始进行治疗的P That reminds me, Doctor, it seems that my daughter5 s adult teeth: are very late. They take such a long time to grow in. Her baby teethstay loose for a long time. They don't seem to fall out fast enough.When they finally fall out, it still takes a long time for the new teethto grow in.医生，您倒是提醒了我，看来我女儿的恒牙长的很迟，她的恒牙长得很慢她的乳牙松动了很长时间，看来也不很快脱落，就是脱落了，新牙还要很久才长出来D I wouldn't worry about it too much. There are many differences in: the rate of normal tooth growth. Some children get their permanentteeth much sooner than others (some children “cut” their teethquickly, col.). Be sure to bring your daughter in for an examination.I want to be sure that everything is OK.这点我倒不担心，牙齿正常成长的速度差别很大，有些孩子比别的孩子恒牙长得早( 有些孩子' 出' 牙' 出' 得早) ，可要把你女儿带来检查，先要把一切都弄清楚。

P Is it true that this type of treatment should be taken care of at a: young age?在年轻时便要注意这种治疗，是不是？D Yes, a malocclusion should be treated early in life for many reasons.: 是的，咬合不正应在年轻时及早治疗是有许多原因：1) A malocclusion in an adult is much more difficult to treat. It'susually more expensive too.一、到了年纪大了，咬合不正就不好治了，而且也更加花钱2) Malocclusion may result in chewing difficulties and excessivestrains on the teeth, jaws, and facial muscles.二、咬合不正可能造成咬东西困难，以及牙齿、颌和面部肌肉过度紧张3) Crooked teeth are more difficult to keep clean. This usuallyresults in a greater incidence of tooth decay and gum diseases.三、阻生齿很难保持清洁，这往往造成蛀牙和齿龈病的发病率增加。

4) Severe malocclusion can cause oral and facial deformities thatcan result in serious emotional problems too.四、最重的咬合不正能造成口腔和脸部变形，从而引起最重的感情上的问题Useful Sentences1. Crowded teeth are often related to heredity.(In many cases “it runsin the family^^, col,)2. ril refer your daughter to an orthodontist.903. The teeth are too large in relation to the size of the jaws.4. It's usually necessary to extract some of the adult teeth to makeenough space.5. Braces will be needed to straighten the teeth.6. Removing baby teeth will not make more space.7. There are many differences in the rate that the permanent teethgrow.8. Some children get their permanent teeth very late. There5s nothingabnormal about that.Part 13Orthodontic TreatmentP Doctor Smith has referred my son to your office for orthodontictreatment.史密斯医生把我的儿子介绍到你这里进行矫正治疗。

D I see. Would you and your son come into my consultation room,: please? How old is your son?哦，那麽，请你和你的儿子进到治疗室去，你儿子几岁了？P 10 years old, Doctor.: 十 岁 D Has he ever had a serious disease? (Does he have a history of: serious illness?)他以前得过重病吗？ ( 他以前有得过重病的历史吗？)P No, nothing out of the ordinary.: 没 有 ，没有什麽太重的病D Did he ever have a thumb-sucking habit?: 他有没有吸吮大拇指的习惯？P He used to suck his thumb when he was younger, but he stopped: when he was eight years old.他还小的时候习惯吮吸大拇指，到了八岁时就不吮吸了D Is he a mouth breather? Does he sleep with his mouth open? Does: he usually breathe through his mouth? Does he have a habit ofbiting his lips or tongue? Does he press his tongue against the backof his teeth when he swallows? (I s he a tongue thruster)他是不是用嘴巴呼吸的？他是不是张着嘴巴睡觉？他是不是常常用嘴巴呼吸？他有没有咬嘴唇和咬舌头的习惯？他吞东西时是不是把他的舌头紧贴在牙齿后边？ ( 他是不是习惯推伸舌92头？)P Sometimes, Doctor, he does make a habit of biting his tongue.: 他有时有咬舌头的习惯。

D Did you use a comforter (pacifier) for a long time, Taro? Do you: bite your fingernails? Do you ever bite on pencils or other objects?太郎，你是不是用橡皮奶头用过一段很长时间？你咬指甲吗？你咬过铅笔或者别的什麽东西吗？T Yes, I do bite on pencils at school.: 是 的 ，我在学校里咬铅笔D Has he ever had trouble with his tonsils or adenoids? Has he ever: had throat infections? Did he have his tonsils or adenoids removed?他得过扁桃腺炎或腺状肿吗？他喉咙得过感染没有？他割过扁桃腺或线状肿吗？P Not yet, Doctor.: 没 有 割 过 D Did Tara have a lot of cavities in his baby teeth? Did he lose any: baby teeth because of decay or infection? Does anyone in yourfamily have a similar disarrangement of the teeth? Do you sleep onyour stomach or on your back, Taro?太郎的乳牙蛀的多不多？他有没有因为蛀牙或感染而脱落乳牙？在你家人当有没有患有类似的齿列不正的？太郎，你是肚子在下边是背在下睡觉的？T I forget, Doctor.: 我 忘 记 了 。

D The normal development of the teeth and jaws may be affected by: the way that a child sleeps.孩子们牙齿和颌部的正常发育可能因睡眠的姿势而受到影响P All of these things are important to the teeth?: 这些对牙齿都很重要吗？D Yes. Oral habits and premature loss of the baby teeth are also: important factors in determining how the teeth and jaws develop.Oral habits are very difficult to stop. Sometimes they can be treatedsuccessfully. For example, “Thumb Suck“ may help the patient tostop thumb sucking. A lip bumper may help to stop lip sucking.是的，与口腔有关的习惯和乳牙过早脱落也是决定牙齿和上、下颌如何发育的重要因素，口腔的习惯不易改变过来，有时却能治的好。

例如：人工做的、用来吮吸的、假拇指，可以帮助病人改掉吮吸大拇指的习惯唇套也有助于改掉咬嘴唇的习惯P Is it necessary to have cavities in the baby teeth repaired? If the: baby teeth are going to fall out, I don't think that it matters if theybecome decayed.乳牙蛀成了洞还有必要补上吗？如果乳牙是要脱落的，我想蛀了也没有关系呀？D You're mistaken about that. Cavities in the baby teeth should be: treated for two reasons. First of all, the tooth may become infected94if the decay is severe. Infection from a tooth might be painful andharmful to a child's general health. The second reason is thatpremature loss of baby teeth can result in crooked permanent teeth.对于这一点你是错的，乳牙之所以要治疗有以下两个原因：首先，假如蛀得太厉害了，对于其他牙齿是会感染的，牙齿感染可能会痛，对孩子的全身健康也有害。

第二个原因是乳牙过早脱落会使恒牙长成阻生齿P For which teeth is the most important?: 那一颗牙齿最重要？D This is particularly important in the permanent first molar (six year: molar), and the deciduous second molar. If the permanent firstmolar moves forward because the deciduous second molar has beenlost too soon, the length of the dental arch will be shortened. If thathappens, there may not be space for all the permanent teeth.恒牙的第一颗臼齿( 六岁臼齿) 和乳牙的乳牙的第二颗臼齿最重要，假如恒牙第一颗臼齿因为乳牙的第二颗臼齿过早脱落而向前移动，那麽齿弓的长度就要缩短，假如齿弓缩短了，那麽对于所有的恒牙来说，空隙就会不够了。

P And what do you do if there is not enough space?: 假如空隙不够你就会怎麽做？D A space maintainer is needed if certain baby teeth are lost too soon.: A space regainer is needed when there isn't enough space. In theway, the dental arch is lengthened and space is made for the teeth togrow normally.若有些乳牙过早脱落，那麽就需要空隙保持器，当空隙不够的时候就需要用空隙撑开器，用这种办法齿弓就可以弄长，那麽就可以为牙齿的正常的发展腾出空隙P I never realized that baby teeth are so important.: 我过去一直没有认识到乳牙是这麽重要D Yes. Deciduous teeth are very important. Be sure that all of your: children brush their teeth well. Don't give them too many sweetfoods. Also, be sure that they have a dental examination every sixmonths. Use toothpaste that has a fluoride in it to help strengthenthe tooth enamel and prevent cavities.是的，乳牙确实非常重要，一定要做到使你的孩子们把牙齿刷好，不要给他们吃太多的甜东西，还有，一定让他们每六个月到牙医那里检查一次，要用含有氟化物的牙膏，以增强牙齿的法琅和防止蛀牙。

P I see. We do not use fluoride toothpaste. I didn't know it is so: helpful.明白了，我们没有用含氟化物的牙膏，我不知道这种牙膏这麽有用D Fluoride that's applied to the teeth by a dentist or dental hygienist is: also helpful. Fluoride in a child's drinking water is the third way tostrengthen the teeth. It's the most effective way to prevent cavities.Ideally, all three methods of applying fluoride should be used.96由牙医或医生助理给牙齿涂上氟化物也有效果，第三种增强牙齿的方法是在孩子们喝的水中放入氟化物，这是防止蛀牙的最好办法，最理想的是三种使用氟化物的办法都探用P As for now, Doctor, what is the best thing to do?: 就说现在吧，最好的办法是什麽？D There are many things that I have to do before I make a diagnosis: and treatment plan for your son.在我给你的儿子作出诊断和治疗计划之前，我要做好些事。

Today we'H take the following:今天我们要做以下以下几件事：1) A profile photograph (picture) of the head.一、拍一张头部侧面的照片2) An intraoral photograph.二、拍一张口腔内的照片3) Orthodontic study models (plaster models of the teeth and jaws).三、做用于矫正手术研究用的模型( 牙齿和上、下颌的石膏模型)4) A cephalogram (an X-ray of the head).四、部的X 光片5) An orthopantmograph (a panorex X-ray of the jaws).五、拍一张上、下颌的全面照片6) Complete X-ray series including bitewings and periapicals.六、拍包括咬圈和齿根尖部在内的一套X 光照片Please make an appointment to come back nest week. At that timeril decide what has to be done to treat your son.请先预约好下次再过来，到时我再决定如何给你的儿子治疗。

ONE WEEK LATER:（ 一个星期之后）D Good morning, Taro, How are you?: 你 好 ，太郎，身体好吗？T Fm fine thank you, Doctor. And you?: 很 好 ，谢谢你，医生，你呢？D I'm fine too, thank you. I've studied your case and I've made a: diagnosis and treatment plan.也很好，谢谢，我研究过你的病历，并作出了诊断和治疗计戈 心P What have you decided, Doctor?: 医 生 ，您决定怎样治疗？D Even though there are many favorable factors in Taro's case, there: isn't enough space for all the permanent teeth. If 1 1 be necessary toextract the upper and lower first premolars. The space that's madeby the extractions will be needed to move the teeth into normalpositions. There won't be any spaces between Taro's teeth aftertreatment. He's going to be a very handsome young man when Fvecompleted his case.尽管按太郎的情况来看，他的有利因素还不少，但是对于他所有的恒牙来说空隙还是不够的，有必要将上、下排的第一颗前98臼齿拔掉，利用拔牙之后空出来的地方使牙齿移动到合适的位置上，太郎的牙齿经过治疗后在牙与牙之间就不会有空隙了，等到我给他治疗完毕之后，太郎会变成一个美少年。

P Is it easy to move the teeth?: 移动牙齿容易不容易？D No, it's usually quite difficult. It must be done slowly and carefully.: The first step is to put bands (braces, col.) on the teeth. Pressure isapplied to the bands so that the teeth will move to where theyshould be. The pressure on the bands will be adjusted once a month.不容易，可难着呢，做起来应该又慢又细心，第一步先要在牙齿上放上带环( 支架) ，在带环上加上压力，可以把牙齿往需要移动的地方移动，带环上的压力每一个月调整一次P Do the bands cut the gums or the cheeks?: 带 环 会不会损伤齿龈或者脸颊？D Sometimes they do, but it's not a big problem if you5re careful.: 有 时 会 ，但是若是小心的话就不是个大问题。

P How long will it take to finish his treatment?: 做完治疗需要多长时间？D In his case, two or three years. After the bands are removed, Taro: will wear a retainer to be sure that the teeth stay where they should.按他的情况需要两、三年，等到带环取下来后，太郎还得需要戴上个固位体以确保其牙齿固定在合适的位置上P How many months will he wear a retainer?: 固位体要戴多久？D About six months. I forgot to mention that Taro would have to wear: headgear.大约六个月，我忘了说太郎还要安上联转装置P What's that?: 那 是 什 麽 ？D A headgear is a very good way to apply pressure to move a tooth. It: will be used to move the maxillary first molar in a backwarddirection. A headgear uses the back of the head and neck as aresistance area. The elastic in the headgear pulls the tooth towardthe back of the head and neck.探用联转装置是用来增加压力使得牙齿移动的一种好办法，它有助于将上颌第一颗臼齿后面的方向移动，联转装置利用头的后部和颈部作为抗力区，联转装置的弹力将牙齿往头的后部和颈部后面的方位移。

P Will he wear the headgear every day?: 他 要 不要每天都戴上它？D Yes, for at least 14 hours each day, especially when he sleeps.: Please pay attention to the left and right sides of the headgear, Taro.If you wear it upside down it will cause trouble, so be careful towear it correctly.是的每天至少戴上14个小时，特别是当他睡觉时太郎，要注意运输装置的左侧和右侧，假如你装反了，就会出问题，10()因此，装上时要小心P Will it cause any difficulty sleeping, Doctor?: 医 生 ，对睡眠会造成什么困难吗？D I hope that you don't have too much trouble sleeping with the: headgear. It might be difficult to sleep for the first couple of days.Don't worry, you'll get used to it. When I put bands on the teethyou must be very careful to brush your teeth thoroughly. If youdon't, you'll have halitosis (bad breath, col.) and a lot of cavities.Brush your teeth very thoroughly before every dental appointment.OK?我希望你装上运输装置后对睡眠不会有太多的不便，开头几天睡觉可能有些困难。

不用担心，你是会习惯的当我给你的牙齿装上带环之后，你刷牙时必须刷得彻底否则就会有口臭和龈齿每次来看病时先把牙齿刷得干干净净，好吗？Useful Sentences1. Oral habits and premature loss of baby teeth are important factors indetermining how the teeth and jaws develop.2. Oral habits are difficult to stop.3. Cavities in baby teeth should be repaired.4. This baby tooth will be lost soon. There's no need for a filling.5. Infected baby teeth might be painful and harmful to a child'sgeneral health.6. Premature loss of baby teeth can result in crooked permanent teeth .7.8.9.101112131415161718There may not be enough space for the other permanent teeth if thefirst permanent molar moves forward.Your son will need a space maintainer.A space regainer is needed when there isn't enough space.There are three ways that fluoride can be used to help preventcavities.Fluoride in the drinking water is the most effective way to preventcavities.There isn't enough space for all the permanent teeth.The first permanent premolars will have to be removed.The first step is to put bands on the teeth.The pressure on the bands will be adjusted once a month.After the “braces“ are removed, Taro will have to wear a retainer.Be careful to wear the headgear correctly.The braces can cut your gums or cheeks, if you're not careful.102Part 14第十四章Dentures活动义齿( 假牙)D I've reviewed your X-rays and I'm sorry to say that the rest of your: upper teeth will have to be removed. They9re in hopeless condition.You need a full upper denture (upper plate, col.).我看过了你的X 光照片，很遗憾你上排所剩下的牙齿都要拔掉。

实在是没有办法了，你需要按上一副上排假牙P Oh no! Can't anything be done?:哦 ，不！ 还有别的办法吗？D I'm sorry, look at your X-rays. Can you see the large cavities here: and here? Do you see this gray area around the root of this tooth?It's obviously infected. Look at these teeth here. Can you see howlittle of the bone is left? That's why most of your teeth are loose.They51 1 have to be extracted.对不起，你瞧瞧你的X 光片吧你能看见这里有个大洞，这里有个大洞吗？你能看见这颗牙齿齿根周围的灰色部分吗？十分明显，已经感染了，瞧一瞧这些牙齿，看得见骨头留下不多了吧？这就是为什麽你牙齿松动的原因，这些牙齿都得拔掉P But how long would I have to be without my teeth? Fil look: terrible.可是，我牙齿拔掉了空着多长时间呢？可真难看啊。

D I can lessen (minimize) your inconvenience by making you an: immediate denture. With this method, the posterior (back, coL) teethare extracted first. The gums must heal for at least one month beforethe denture is begun. You'll keep your anterior (front, col.) teethuntil the denture is made. The new denture will be inserted on theday that the front teeth are extracted. You won't ever be withoutyour front teeth.我可以给你做一系列临时假牙可以减少不方便之处，使用这种方法，要先拔掉后面牙齿，在开始做假牙之前，齿龈需要至少一个月才能长好，在做好假牙之前，前面的牙齿还要保留着，假牙必须在前面牙齿拔掉的那一天安上，你就不会没有前面的才凶0P How long will it take? How many appointments will be needed?: 需要多长时间？需要预约治疗几次？D I can begin to make your new teeth after the gums have healed from: the extraction of the back teeth. That will take at least one month.After that, it will take two weeks to make the denture.在拔了后面的牙齿齿龈长好以后，我会着手给你做上新的假牙，这样做至少一个月，完了之后，做全列假牙需要两个星期的时间。

P What will you do on the first appointment?104: 在第一次预约治疗室该怎么办？D On the first appointment, I'll make plaster models of your jaws. My: dental laboratory technician will help me to make your denture onthe models. On the second visit, I'll make a record of your "bite”(jaw relations) using wax forms like this one. I'll place your newteeth in the wax form to be sure that they fit with your lower teeth.On the third visit, I'll extract the remaining front tooth and insert thedenture.在第一次预约治疗时，我会给你做上、下颌的石膏模型，我们牙科制造室的技术人员会帮我在模型上给你做假牙，在第二次预约治疗时，我就要用象这样的模型来印下你的“ 咬 样 ”( 合际关系) 。

然 后新假牙放进模型中以明确新假牙与下排牙齿能相互配合，在第三次预约治疗时，我要拔掉你留下来的前面的几颗牙齿，安上假牙P And then the treatment is finished?： 那麽，治疗也就完毕了？D After that, I have to see you for minor adjustments to insure a good: fit and eliminate sore spots. About six months after the denture isinserted, I'll have to reline or remake it, because the gums willshrink and the denture will become loose.完了之后，我还得给你看看，稍加调整以保证咬合良好，消除痛楚，在安上假牙后六个月，因为齿龈会萎缩，假牙会松动，我还得将假牙的边缘修一修或重新再做P I think that this will be very expensive. How would you like me to: pay my bill? May I pay my bill over a period of time?我想得花不少钱，这笔账怎样付？可不可以分期付？D Yes. rd like you to pay one half of the fee at the beginning of: treatment and the remainder of the fee on the day that the denture isinserted.可以，你可以在治疗开始时先付一半，另外一半则在安上假牙那一天付。

P I understand. However, I just feel worried about wearing a denture.: 明 白 了 ，可是，我就是担心戴假牙D Don't worry. I know that you're disappointed and apprehensive. I'll: make your new teeth fit as well as possible. You'll get accustomed(get used, col.) to them in a very short time. I'll select your newteeth very carefully.不用担心，我知道你心里不踏实，有些顾虑，我会尽可能把新假牙做得合适，那么只要在不长的时间内就可以习惯过来，我会非常细心的给你选新的假牙P What about the color? Will it look natural?: 是什么颜色的？颜色自然不自然？D The shape, size, and color will be ideal for you. They51 1 be arranged: to look like natural teeth. Your denture will not look like artificial. Itwill be made to support your cheeks and lips, so that you can keepthe natural shape of your face.106形状、大小和颜色对你都会是很理想的，可以弄成看起来根真牙一样，不会看起来是人工做的，这假牙会做得支持住你的脸颊和嘴唇，这样就可以保持住你脸不自然的形状。

Useful Sentences1. How much will it cost?2. It's very expensive.3. High quality dentistry is an investment in your future, health andhappiness.4. Let me give you a receipt.5. m send you a bill.6. The denture fits perfectly.7. The denture doesn't fit; it's loose. Look at the roof of you mouth.Do you see how red and inflamed it is?8. The denture is cracked.9. It can be repaired.1 I can make an immediate denture.01 The denture can be inserted on the same day that the teeth are1 extracted.1 You may need adjustments to insure a good fit and to eliminate sore2 spots.1 You'll get accustomed to them in a short time.31 The gums will shrink in about six months.41 Fil wait for the gums to heal before I make the impressions.51 It's better to make a new denture than it is to reline the old one.6Part 15第十五章New Dentures新假牙D I know that you51 1 be happy with your new dentures. They look very: natural. They look like your natural teeth. Your facial expressionmay be a little different for a couple of weeks. After they5re wornfor a while the muscles of the lips and cheeks will become adjusted,and a natural facial expression will return.我想你会喜欢你的新假牙的，看起来象真的一样，就象你原来的真牙一，你脸部表情可能有几个星期会有些不同，等到安上假牙之后不久，嘴唇和脸颊的肌肉经过调整之后又会恢复自然的表情。

P They look good, Doctor, but I'm worried about talking and eating.医生，看来还不错，但是，我还是对于说话语吃东西感到担108心D You can accustom yourself to speaking with them by reading aloud: when you're at home alone. Speak slowly and pronounce each wordvery carefully. Eat soft foods until the tender gums heal.当你单独在家时，你可以大声朗读使你能够适应戴着假牙说话，说话要慢，小心每一个词的发音，吃软的东西直到受伤的齿龈长好为止P Should I take any special care when eating food?: 吃 东 西 时 ，我要不要特别小心？D When you bite a piece of food, press the food against the upper: teeth. At the same time, break the food off with a twisting motion ofthe hand. This will hold the dentures in place. Take small bites offood and chew slowly and thoroughly.当你咬一一块食物时，要把食物向上排牙齿，同时用手的扭转动作把食物撕开，这样就可以把假牙保持在原来的位置上，吃的食物要小块的吃，要咬得慢嚼得透彻。

P Should I wear the denture all of the time?: 腰部要一直戴着假牙？D At first wear the denture at all times, except when you clean them.: Wearing them all the time helps to shorten the adjustment period. Ifthey become too uncomfortable, please telephone me for anadjustment appointment.开始，除了取下来刷洗之外，要一直戴着假牙，一直戴着有助于缩短调整的时间，要是感到不舒服请来告诉我，预约一下，以便进行调整P Are there other adjustments I may need?： 我可能还需要进行别的调整吗？D Artificial dentures must be kept clean to keep their beauty and to: preserve the health of your mouth.人工做的假牙必须保持清洁，以便它能看得好看，并且，保持你口腔健康。

P How should I clean them?: 我该怎么清洗假牙呢？D A denture brush with a denture cleanser is the best way. A denture: brush has bristles that are stiffer than those in an ordinarytoothbrush.用戴由假牙清洗剂的假牙刷子来刷假牙是最好的办法，假牙刷子的毛比普通牙刷的毛要硬一些P Is ordinary soap alright to use when cleaning the denture?: 可以用普通的肥皂刷洗假牙吗？D Ordinary soap can also be used to brush them clean. Clean them: once a day. If you're not wearing your dentures, be sure to keepthem in a cup of water, so they won't become too dry. If they5re dryfor a long time they may bend (warp) and lose their good fit. Youmust remember.用普通的肥皂也可以把假牙刷干净，一天刷洗一次，假牙不戴110时候，一定要把假牙放在一杯水中，这样就不会变得太干，如果干的时间太长就会弯曲，就会变得不适合，这些你可要记住。

P Is there anything else I should remember, Doctor?: 医 生 ，还有什么要记住的？D Yes. You must remember that your mouth tissues (gums) are always: changing. These changes might cause a loosening of your dentures.It may be necessary to rebuild or rebase your dentures. It'simpossible to determine (predict) how soon or how often therebuilding or rebasing will have to be done. Each patient isdifferent. Everyone who wears dentures should go to his dentist forregular checkups, so that necessary corrections and adjustments canbe made. Loose, ill-fitting, or improperly cared for (unclean)dentures can cause sever damage to mouth tissues有' 你该记住口腔组织( 齿龈) 总是在变化的，这些变化会使得你假牙松动，这样就需要重新做假牙或给假牙垫底，不可能决定( 或预言) 多快或每隔多长时间要重做或垫底，不同的病人情况不一样，凡是戴假牙的人都应该定期到牙医那里去检查，这样需要矫正或调整时便可以做，假牙松动、戴上不合适或者保护得不好( 如不干净) ，会给口腔组织带来最重的损害。

P Fm pleased with my denture, Doctor. Thank you very much.: 医 生 ，我感到假牙做得很好，非常感谢！Useful Sentences1. They look like your natural teeth.2. Eat soft foods until the tender gum heal.3. Take small bites of food and chew slowly and thoroughly.4. Artificial dentures must be kept clean to keep their beauty and topreserve the health of your mouth.5. A denture brush with a denture cleanser is the best way. A denturebrush has bristles that are stiffer than those in an ordinarytoothbrush.6. You must remember that the mouth tissues (gums) are alwayschanging.7. Everyone who wears dentures should go to the dentist for regularcheckups so that necessary corrections and adjustments can bemade.8. Loose, ill-fitting, or improperly care for (unclean) dentures cancause severe damage to the mouth tissues.112Part 16第十六章Dental Implants牙齿种植Dental implants are the modem method for replacing missing teeth.牙齿种植是解决牙齿缺失问题的现代方法。

Dental implants solve many problems associated with removabledentures. While conventional dentistry enables some people to weardentures comfortably, research has shown 85% of the estimated 32million people with dentures in this country experience some discomfortand difficulty due to their false teeth.牙齿种植可以解决许多于活动假牙有关的问题传统牙科虽然能做到使一些人戴假牙比较舒服，但调查表明三千两百万戴假牙的人群中有85%的人都有不舒服甚至生活不便的感觉和经历Dental implants eliminate the discomfort and embarrassment oftenassociated with dentures. Where some teeth are missing, dental implantsmay be used to eliminate the need for a removable partial denture byproviding the support necessary for attachment of a fixed bridge.Patients with implants have reported their confidence has been restoredand their quality of life improved. Dental implants help prevent thepremature loss of remaining teeth and are a good investment in oralhealth.牙齿种植消除了以上不舒服、尴尬的感受。

在有缺失牙的地方，牙齿种植可以通过固定桥等辅助措施替代局部义齿做了牙齿种植的病人都反映种植牙使他们重拾信心且改善了生活质量另外牙齿种植可以防止我们现有的牙齿过早脱落，给我们的口腔健康作一笔良好的投资D The Core-Vent System of Dental Implants is the most widely used: implant system in the world. It includes five different implantdesigns to meet the needs of the largest number of patients. Yourdentist will decide whether a single design or combination ofimplants is necessary for your individual case.Core-Vent种植系统是目前国际使用最广泛的种植系统它有5种不同设计可以满足各类人群的不同需求你的牙医会针对你个体情况来决定你应使用单一设计还是复合设计来做种植Core-Vent Implants, made from biocompatible materials, can becomedirectly attached to the jaw-bone. In dental terms this is called“osseointegration." The implant then performs a function similar tonatural tooth roots. The implant is able to withstand biting forces similarto a healthy natural tooth.Core-Vent种植体由具有生物相容性的材料做成，可直接固定在颌骨，在牙科术语中称为“ 骨结合”。

种植牙的功能和自己的真牙功能相同，并且其承重能力也与真牙相当P What procedures are used to insert Core-Vent Implants?114: 牙齿种植是怎么做呢？D The insert of Core-Vent Implant is designed to be submerged under: the gum tissue, allowing time for the implant to attach directly tothe bone. After a healing period of three to six months, a briefsecond procedure is needed to expose the top of the implant. Anappropriate post is then attached to the implant to support a bridgeor denture.要 将 Core-Vent种植体植入牙龈组织以下至牙骨后固位，经 3至 6 个月恢复期后，做一个简短的二期手术，就是将种植体的顶部暴露出来，将一个种植专用桩核固定在种植体上，以协助做上部结构修复，就是固定桥或假牙。

P What restorations are possible with Core-Vent Implants?: 做完种植体需要什么样的修复呢？D 1. Replace a single tooth: One implant with a crown can replace a: single missing tooth, eliminating the need toprepare adjacent natural teeth.种植单个牙齿：缺失牙种了一个种植体，就在上面做单冠，可以取代不做种植的情况下直接做桥，这样不必将2 个邻牙备牙2. Eliminate a partial denture: Implants can be used as support for afixed bridge by either connecting to natural teeth or to otherimplants.无需局部义齿：种植体通常可以作为桥的支撑点与其他真牙或种植体相连3. Stabilize a denture: A removable denture can be retained byseveral implants while still being supported by tissue.使义齿保持稳定：几个被口腔组织支撑着的种植体可以保留原有的活动义齿。

4. Retain and support a denture: A removable denture can beretained and supported by four to six implants joined by a bar.保留和支撑活动义齿：4至6个相连的种植体可以保留和支撑一个活动义齿5. Support a complete bridge: Jaws missing all the teeth can berestored with fixed bridges anchored by five or six implants. Thisrestoration is removable only by your dentist.支撑全口桥：若是全口牙齿缺失，可以做固定桥修复，而5至6个种植体就可以支撑这个全口拱形桥当然这种修复需要你的牙医根据情况来设计P Am I a candidate for Core-Vent Implants?: 那 么 ，我可以做种植吗？D Generally, anyone who is healthy enough to have routine: extractions can be considered for dental implants. The mainlimitation is the amount of available bone, which can usually bedetermined by a clinical and radiographic examination.总的来说，凡是身体健康，做过正常拔牙的人都可以做种植。

是否适合种植主要看你的牙骨情况是否允许，但这要通过临床116及 X 光检验决定P What inconvenience will I experience?: 做完种植后会有哪些不舒服或者不便呢？D Most patient report only minor discomfort similar to that associated: with a simple tooth extraction. When the patient wears a partial offull denture prior to the surgery, the denture can often be modifiedwith a soft lining. This surgery provides little disruption of normalbusiness or social activities.大多数病人做完种植后的不适症状与简单拔牙后的相似如果病人手术后戴局部义齿，这种义齿通常用一种很柔软的材料修整，这时候你会感到正常工作和社交有所不便P What is the cost of Core-Vent Implants?:Core-Vent牙齿种植需要多少钱？D The fee varies from one case to another depending on the: complexity and the number of implants needed. The overall expenseis comparable to the investment in fixed bridgework.牙齿种植的费用根据病例复杂程度和所需种植的数量不同而有区别。

但总体费用相当于你不做种植而做相应的固定桥的费用P How long will my implants last?: 我的种植牙可以用多长时间？D Research has indicated that implants offer long-term predictability: once osseointegration has taken place. Studies have shown thatCore-Vent Implants achieve osseointegration on a highly consistentbasis. The success of implant supported restorations depends on anumber of variables including, individual patient health,调查表明一旦骨结合情况良好，种植牙就可以使用和长一段时间研 究 指 出Core-Vent种植体可以与人体骨质相容得很好另外，种植牙是否成功取决于各种因素，如个体健康等等Useful Sentences1. Dental implants help prevent the premature loss of remaining teeth.2. The implant performs a function similar to natural tooth roots.3. The implant is able to withstand biting forces similar to a healthynatural tooth.4. What procedures are used to insert implants?5. An appropriate post is then attached to the implant to supportbridge.6. Implants can be used as support for a fixed bridge by theirconnecting to natural teeth or to other implants.7. This restoration is removable only by your dentist.8. What inconvenience will I experience?9. What restorations are possible with implants?10 This surgery provides little disruption of normal business or social. activities.118。