[英语学习]建筑专业英语.doc

建筑类专业英语班级：建筑0752 姓名：魏雪梅 学号：08号 指导教师：孟光伟 Roof GardenA vast part of the earth’s surface, in a town, consists of roofs. Couple this with the fact that the total area of a town which can be exposed to the sun is finite, and you will realized that it is natural, and indeed essential, to make roofs which take advantage of the sun and the air. However, we know that the flat shape is quite unnatural for roofs from psychological, structural, and climatic point of view. It is therefore sensible to use a flat roof only where the roof will actually become a garden or an outdoor room; to make as many of these “useful” roofs as possible; but to make all other roofs, which cannot be used, the sloping, vaulted, shell-like structures specified by sheltering roof and roof vault.Here is a rule of thumb: if possible, make at least one small roof garden in every building, more if you are sure people will actually use them. Make the remaining roofs steep roofs. The roof gardens which work are almost always at the same level as some indoor rooms. This means that at least some part of the building’s roofs will always be steep. We shall expect, then, that this pattern will generate roof gardens and steep roofs are mixed in almost every building.We now consider the flat roof, briefly, on its own terms. Flat roof gardens have always been prevalent in dry, warm climates, where they can be made into livable environments. In the dense parts of towns in Mediterranean climates, nearly every roof is habitable: they are full of green, private screens, with lovely views, places to cook out and eat and sleep. And even in temperate climates they are beautiful. They can be designed as rooms without ceiling, places that are protected from the wind, but open to the sky.However, the flat roofs that have become architectural fads during the last 40 years are quite another matter. Gray grave covered asphalt structures, these flat roofs are very rarely useful places; they are not gardens. And taken as a whole, they do not meet the psychological requirements. To make the flat parts of roofs truly useful, and compatible with the need for sloping roofs, it seems necessary to build flat roof gardens off the indoor parts of the buildings. In other words, do not make them the highest parts of the roof slope; and make it possible to walk out to the roof garden from an interior room, without climbing special stairs. We have found that roof gardens that have this relationship are used far more intensely than those rooftops which must be reached by climbing stairs. The explanation is obvious: it is far more comfortable to walk straight out onto a roof and feel the comfort of the building behind and to one side of you, than it is to climb up to a place you cannot see.It is, therefore, suggested to make parts of almost every roof system usable as roof gardens. Make these parts flat; perhaps terraced for planting, with places to sit and sleep, private places. Place the roof gardens at various stories, and always make it possible to walk directly out onto the garden from some lived-in part of the building.文章出处《建筑类专业英语-建筑学与城市规划》第68-69页。

Early Housing In ancient times, housing developed largely without any central planning or control .Many towns and cities were encircled by fortified walls for military protection. Urban dwelling, even including the houses of the rich, tended to be closely crowded together within the walls. In the countryside the typical community was the village, often a long row of small huts or cottages in which peasant farmers lived. Landowning nobles often held country estates. In the Middle Ages some of the greater nobility lived in the large fortified castles with courtyards in which the peasants could find protection in case of attack. .As the countryside became more orderly; the wealthy built handsome unfortified houses surrounded by extensive parks. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution the cities expanded rapidly to accommodate the influx of many factory workers. Much new housing was built by speculators who saw a chance for a quick profit. In the absence of zoning or building restrictions, they often built poorly planned cheap housing that quickly deteriorated into slums. In the United States vast slum areas developed in the larger cities, especially in Chicago and New York .Somewhat more substantial housing was built by industrial companies for their employees. Textile towns and mining towns were company housing communities. As a rule, row house mad up the streets of the company towns. The houses were drearily identical, ill lighted and often unsanitary. In Great Britain some steps to improve housing conditions were taken by humanitarian and charitable groups, such as t。