政治辩论语篇中的人际语法隐喻功能分析.ppt

A Functional Analysis of Interpersonal GM in Political Debates政治辩论语篇中的人际语法隐喻功能分析Presented by Zhang ZhixiangThe Significance of the Study1. The functional analysis of interpersonal GM could enable us to understand the interpersonal meaning of the political debate from a new perspective, which elaborates the subtleties of language use in this kind of genre and helps us have a better understanding of it.2. This study demonstrates that Systemic Functional Grammar, characterized by its multi-level and multi-function, could provide us with a theoretical framework for genre analysis.3. Through the functional analysis, we find that language form is consistent with its function. Therefore, such a study suggests that similar analysis could also benefit English learners in their improvement of English listening, speaking and writing so that they can develop their communicative competence more effectively.IntroductionnThis thesis is a case study of the First Bush- Kerry Presidential Debate in 2004. In light of Halliday’s point of view on grammatical metaphor, this thesis first identifies interpersonal GM in the debate and then analyzes their various pragmatic functions. The Concept of Grammatical MetaphorGrammatical metaphor is an incongruent realization of meanings involving transference of grammatical units from one domain to another, either from a basic domain to a subdomain, or from one subdomain to another subdomain. The Concept of Interpersonal Grammatical MetaphornThe grammar also accommodates metaphors of an interpersonal kind, in the expression of mood and modality, which is interpersonal grammatical metaphor. Mood expresses the speech function; and Modality expresses the speaker’s judgment or evaluation. The Concept of Metaphors of Modality nModality refers to a speaker’s attitude towards, or opinion about the truth of a proposition expressed by a clause. It also extends to his/her attitude towards the situation or event described by a clause. nThe explicitly subjective and explicitly objective forms of modality are all strictly speaking metaphorical, since all of them represent the modality as being the substantive proposition .The Concept of Metaphors of Mood n The system of mood involves four speech functions: offer, command, statement and question. The incongruent transference in the process of the realization of these functions is metaphor of mood nOne speech function can be realized by various moods, and one mood can realize different speech function as the following Table shows. Typical and metaphorical realizations of speech functions in mood typesspeec hfunctio nmoodstatementquestioncommanddeclarativeHave I ever let you down?I wonder where you have been.You should tell me the truth.interrogativeI have never let you down!Where have you been?Could you tell me the truth?imperativeAdmit that I have never let you down!Tell me where you have been!Tell me the truth!Identification of Interpersonal GM in Political Debates nIdentification of Metaphors of Modality in Political Debates nIdentification of Metaphors of Modality through Clause nIdentification of Metaphors of Modality through Nominalization nIdentification of Metaphors of Mood in Politic Debates nIdentification of Metaphors of Mood by Desired Response nIdentification of Metaphors of Mood by Contextual Hints Identification of Metaphors of Modality through Clause nThere is an example of a very common type of interpersonal metaphor, based on the semantic relationship of projection. In this type the speaker’s opinion regarding the probability that his observation is valid is coded not as a modal element within the clause, which would be its congruent realization, but as a separate, projecting clause in a hypotactic clause complex. nTo the congruent form it probably is so corresponds with the metaphorical variant I think it is so, with I think as the primary or ‘alpha’ clause (Halliday, 2000: 354). The reason for regarding this as a metaphorical variant is that the proposition is not, in fact, I think; the proposition is it is so. Identification of Metaphors of Modality through Nominalization nNominalization that could be used to express modality include: possibility, probability, likelihood, certainly, unusualness, regularity, typicality, intention, desire, determination, need, obligation, regulation, compulsion and so on. By means of these nominalizations, modality is construed as an unquestionable fact i.e. modality is expressed explicitly with objectivity. Identification of Metaphors of Mood by Desired Response nIn interacting with another person, the speaker will inevitably enact one of the speech roles: anything he says will be intended and interpreted as a statement, or a question, or a command or an offer. By acting out a role, he is simultaneously creating a desired role for the other person (even if the other person does not in turn carry out that role): in asking a question, for example, the speaker creates the role of answerer for the other p。