语言学导论-PPT课件.ppt

新编语言学教程 刘润清 文旭Chapter One Linguistics Definition Linguistics differs from other sciences in that it both uses languages as the tool and takes languages as its object to study.3.Philology Linguistics (语文学） （语言学）In the mid of 19thF.De Saussure (the founder of general linguistics）n24. Linguistic study (1) diachronic study 历时性学习 Study the development of language in the course of time. 研究语言在不同时期的特点 (2) synchronic study 共时性学习 Study linguistics at a particular point of time (given linguistic status or stage of a particular language) 研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。

n3 linguistic study: primary synchronic study 研究语言难在： language is always changing people in the same speech community do not say the same language features of a language, cant be replaced quickly and completely.n4Scope of linguistics: Phonetics Phonology Morphology Microlinguistics Syntax Semantics Pragmatics SociolinguisticsMacrolinguistics Psycholinguistics Stylisticsn55. Langue Parole langue 语言 parole 言语 a set of rules or conventions an abstract linguistic system in every speakers mind not actually spokene. relatively stable Actual spoken Specific (concrete) situational the use of the rules or conventions Parole is the realization of the languen66. Language competence language performance LAD innate (capacity/intuitive to acquire language)experience Grammar (for a particular language) competence performance isnt innateworking like a machineAs.Material productn7 competence (Grammar) is equal to everybody ideal knowledge of language user performance isnt equal to everybody influenced by psychological and social factors. Performance is the realization of the knowledge Knowledge is the essence of the competence Behavior is the essence of the performance Communicative Competence-Hymesn8大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下，但要小声点可以互相讨论下，但要小声点n97. prescriptivism & descriptivismPrescriptivism: Set down a kind of form, admit one dialect or variety is more superior than another. Form grammar, pronunciation, lexicon. Regulate people how to actually use language. How things should be. Language policeDescriptivism: Language is live, changing. If one of language is expressive, logical, then it is a good language.b) observer/ recorder/ of language how things actually be/ what people actually say.n10Chapter Two Language Definition of language : a set of rules (eg. Syntactic rules)A well-organized systemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsUsed for human communication: there is no logical and intrinsic connection between objects and symbols.: the sound, spoken language, most important medium.: people use it to represent objects, ideas, opinions or actions.: human specific (人类特有 ）n112. Design features of language Arbitrariness Productivity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission Specialization(1)interchangeabilityn123. Social functions of language Communicative means (the most important one) The means for conceptual thinking and recognition of the world.(3) The vehicle and transmitter of culture. language is cultural-dependant language mirrors culturen134. Functions of language in communication Phatic Directive function Informative function Expressive function Interrogative function Evocative function(1) Performative functionn14Chapter Three Phonetics: sound of language Definition of phonetics: The scientific study of speech sounds, which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings. Branches: (1) articulatory phonetics (发音（声）语音学) ：The study of the production of the sound. (2) accustic phonetics (声学语音学）：concerned with physical properties of these sounds.n15(3) Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学）:concerned with the reception/ perception of the hearer.3. International Phonetics Association (IPA) International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) 国际音标 n16Bilabials /p/ /b/ /m/ /w/ Labiodentals /f/ /v/Alveolars /d/ /t/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /r/ /l/Velars /g/ /k/ /Interdentals / /Glottals /h/ Palatals / / /t/ /d/ /j/n17Vowels approximants(延续音） non-continuants continuants = = glides liquids stops/plosive affricates fricatives w l = t s f j r nasal oral d z v h m p k t n b g d sibilants (hissing) sonorants obstruents (阻塞音） (voiced)响声 n18PalatalVoicedfricativez alveolar voiced fricativef fricative voiceless obstruent labiodentals w glide approximant sonorant voiced labiovelarsn19Vowels The height of the tongue high vowels, mid vowels, low vowels The position of the tongue front vowels, central vowels, back vowels lip-rounding unrounded vowels, rounded vowels Tenseness of the tongue tense vowels, lax vowelsn20Rounded vowels: /u:/ /u/ /ou/ /:/ / /Unrounded vowels: /i:/ /i/ /e/ /ei/ / /:/ / /Tense vowels: /i:/ /u:/ /ei/ /ou/ /a:/ /:/ /:/ Lax vowels: /i/ /u/ /e/ / / / / / / n21Chapter Four Phonology1. Definition: the science or the scientific study of the system and the patterns of the speech sounds of languages.2. Phonetics(语音学）：how the sounds produced, transmitted, received.3. Phonemes(音位）：speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast words in sound and meaning are called phonems. n22Phone: (。