
中考动词语法详解.doc
42页动词考 点 扫 描1.动词概述2.系动词3.时态 (1)一般现在时; (2)一般过去时; (3)一般将来时; (4)过去将来时; (5)现在进行时; (6)过去进行时; (7)现在完成时; (8)过去完成时4.语态5.助动词6.情态动词7.不定式8.动名词9.主谓一致一、动词概述 (1)动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词说明】在某些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如: We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会having是实义动词 He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约has是助动词 (2)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词vt.、不及物动词vi.【说明】同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词,例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞sing在此用作不及物动词 She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲sing用作及物动词 (3)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词二、系动词 系动词不能单独用作谓语后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。
说明】 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了fell是系动词,后跟表语,说明主语情况 He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来fell是实义动词,单独作谓语 初中阶段我们学过的系动词有:be, keep, seem, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come等例句: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师is与表语一起说明主语的身份 He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默 He looks tired. 他看起来很累 He seems(to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心 This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香 He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了三、时态 一般现在时 (1)一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,但第三人称单数后要加-s,另外be和have有特殊的人格形式,见表10.1表10.1 一般现在时行为动词 动词to be 动词to have(有) I work.You work.He/She/It works.We work. I am(I'm)...You are(You're)...He/She/It is…We are(We're)... I have...You have...He/She/It has…We have... You work.They work. You are(You're)...They are(They're)... You have...They have... 表10.2 行为动词形式的变化规 则 动词原形 第三人称单数形式 一般在动词尾加-s(在清辅音后读[s],在浊辅音或元音后读[z]) helpmakegetrideswimleaveplay 以字母s,x,ch,sh或o结尾的动词加-es(读[iz]) guessfixbrushgo 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加-es(读[z]) flycarrystudy (3)一般现在时的否定式见表10.3。
表10.3 一般现在时的否定式行为动词 动词to be 动词to have I do not(don't) work. I am not(I'm not)… I have not(haven't)… I do not(don't) have… You do not(don't) work. You are not(aren't)… You have not(haven't)… You do not(don't) have… HeShe does not(doesn't) work.It HeShe is not(isn't)….It HeShe has not(hasn't)…It HeShe does not(doesn't) have…It WeYou do not(don't) work.They WeYou are not(aren't)…They WeYou have not(haven't)…They WeYou do not(don't) have…They 如果have不是表示有的意思,则都用助动词do,does来构成否定式和疑问式。
另外英国人口语常以have(has)got代替have(has);其否定式常以haven't got 代替have not ,hasn't got 代替has not (4)一般现在时的疑问式及简略回答,见表10.4表10.4 一般现在时的疑问式行为动词 动词to be 动词to have Do I work ?Am I a student? Have I an apple? Do I have an apple? Do you work. Are you a student?Have you an apple?Do you have an apple? heDoes she work? it heIs she a student? it heHas she an apple? it heDoes she have an apple? it weDo you work? they weAre you students? they weHave you an apple? they weDo you have an apple? they (5)一般现在时的基本用法如下。
① 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用 时间状语:every…, at…, on Sunday,every day,once a week(每周一次),often(经常,往往),usually(通常),always(总是),seldom(很少),sometimes(有时)… I leave home for school at 7 every morning. She is at work. I get up at six every day. --- How do you usually come to school? --- I usually come to school by bike ,but I walk sometimes. In the evening I often watch TV,but sometimes I read. I always get to school very early. ② 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
What's two and three?It's five. The moon moves round the earth.月亮围着地球转 Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快 ③ 表示格言或警句中 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败 Actions speak louder than words.行动胜过言辞 ④ 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性 I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. She likes apples. They speak English. John works very hard. ⑤ 一般现在时的其他用法 第一,在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作,例如: If you jump a queue,the people will not be pleased. I will tell him as soon as he comes back. When they leave school,they will go back to their hometown. 他们毕业后将回到家乡去。
第二,表示安排或计划好的将来的动作(只限于某些表示来、去、动、停、开始、终于、继续等的动词,如go,come,leave,start等)例如: The train starts at ten o'clock in the morning.火车将于上午10点钟开出 Supper is at five today.今天5点开饭 When does the Japanese youth delegation leave for Yanan? 日本青年代表团什么时候到延安去? 第三,引用书籍报刊或其作者时,一般需用一般现在时,例如: The story describes how a young scientist develops a new theory. 故事描写一个青年科学家如何建立了一个新的理论 第四,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时态,其宾语从句的谓语动词一般也需用过去时态,但宾语从句如果讲的是客观真理,它的谓语动词仍需用一般现在时,例如: Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. 伽利略坚持地球绕太阳运行的说法。
第五,图片说明,电影说明,故事重述,戏剧的舞台说明以及报纸上的标题和故事的题目也常用一般现在时小说一般用过去时态,但为了描写生动,也往往用一般现在时和其他现在时态 第六,在某些常用句子中表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态(即不是经常发生的动作或存在的状态),例如: Here he comes.他来了注意here必须在句首) There go。












