新编现代化工英语.doc

ContentsPART I ABC of Chemistry................................................................................................21 The history of chemistry.................................................................................................22. The Work of Chemists...................................................................................................33 Elements..........................................................................................................................34 Chemical Bonding ..........................................................................................................45 Organic Nomenclature....................................................................................................56. Lead Poisoning...............................................................................................................67 Corrosion.........................................................................................................................7PART II Chemical industry...............................................................................................88. What Are the Distinguishing Features of the Chemical Industry?................................89. The Scope and Pattern of Chemical Production..........................................................1010. The Production of Polymers ......................................................................................1111 How Are Diamonds Synthesized?..............................................................................1212. Petroleum and Its Fractional Distillation...................................................................1213. The Role of Fertilizers...............................................................................................1414. Large-scale Synthetic Nitrogen Fixation...................................................................15PART III Biochemistry....................................................................................................1615. Chemistry and Health-a Natural Alliance..................................................................16PART IV Environmental Protection................................................................................17PART V Computer knew how to make pottery, glass, soap and colouring agents, and how to bleach and dye textile fabrics. These arts were the beginnings of the chemical industries of today.我们的祖先通过反复实验发现了一些简单的化学变化，但是那时的古埃及人就已经知 道如何冶炼铜、锡、铁和贵金属，并且已经知道如何制作陶器、玻璃、肥皂、染料以及怎 样漂白或给纺织品染色了。

这些工艺就是今天化学工业的前身了The early scientific study of chemistry, known as alchemy, grew up in the first few centuries A. D. at Alexandria in Egypt. There two important things came together: one was the practical knowledge of the Egyptian workers in metals, pottery and dyes; the other was the learning of the earlier Greek philosophers, such as Hippocrates and Aristotle. At the same time alchemy was much influenced by ideas from the East about magic and astrology-foretelling the future from the stars.早期科学的化学研究，被称为“alchemy” （炼金术） ，发源于公元几世纪的埃及亚利山 大港。

在这里有两件重要的事情汇聚到了一起：一件是此时埃及工人关于金属、陶器和染 料的实践经验，另一个就是早期希腊哲学家的学识，比如希波拉底和亚里士多德与此同 时炼金术也受到了东方来的一些关于巫术、占星学——通过行星来预测未来，思想的影响Greek philosophers regarded debate about the nature of matter as superior to experiment, and some held that all matter was made up of the same four “elements”-earth, fire, air and water. Many people therefore thought that if these elements could be rearranged, one substance could be changed into another. For instance, a base metal could perhaps be turned into gold. The chief aim of the alchemists was to find a way of doing this.希腊哲学家认为对于物质的本质的辩论胜过实验，并且有一些人的观点认为所有的物 质都是由四种基本的元素——土，火，气和水组成的。

因此很多人认为如果这些元素能够 重新组合，一种物质就可以变成另外一种物质例如，碱金属可能会变成黄金炼金术师 的主要目的就是实现点石成金Alchemy came under Arab influence when the armies of Islam conquered Egypt during the seventh century. The Arabs carried its study into Western Europe when they advanced into Spain. Many Arabic words are still used in chemistry-“alkali”, “alcohol” and even “alchemy” itself, Comment [u9]: Harry PotterComment [u10]: 化学发展史which means “the art of Egypt”. The greatest Arab alchemist was Jabir ibn Hayyan, possibly the same person as Geber, author of two important books on alchemy known from the Latin translations of the thirteenth century. Jabir claimed that mercury and sulphur were “elements” like the four Greek ones. He said that all metals were composed of mercury and sulphur in different proportions. To change a base metal into gold required the proportions to be changed by the action of mysterious substance which came to be called “the philosopher’s stone”. Alchemists searched in vain for this substance for several hundred years.公元七世纪时，伊斯兰军队占领埃及，这段时间炼金术主要受到阿拉伯的影响。

当他 们占领西班牙的时候，他们也把阿拉伯的研究成果带到了西欧在化学里现在仍然沿用着 许多阿拉伯语的词汇，比如碱，酒精，甚至炼金术这个词本身就源于阿拉伯语，它的意思 是埃及的工艺最伟大的阿拉伯化学家是 Jabir ibn Hayyan，他可能和 Geber 是同一个人， 从十三世纪拉丁文翻译中得知他是两本重要炼金术书的作者Jabir 认为水银河硫磺和其他 四个希腊元素一样都是基本的元素他认为所有的金属都是由水银和硫磺按照不同配比组 成的。